Term
| What are the three "domains" of child development described in the text? What changes are included in each area? |
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Definition
Physical: changes in body size, proportions, appearance, functioning of body systems, percepual and motor capacities, and physical health
Cognitive: Changes in intellectual abilities, including attention, memory, academic and everyday knowledge, problem solving, imagination, creativity, and language
Emotional and social: Changes in emotional communication, self-understanding, knowledge about other people, interpersonal skills, friendships, intimate relationships, and moral reasoning and behavior |
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Term
| What are the six "periods of development" and what age ranges are included in each? |
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Definition
Prenatal Period: from conception to birth
Infancy and toddlerhood: from birth to 2 years
Early childhood: from 2 to 6 years
Middle childhood: from 6 to 11 years
Adolescence: from 11 to 18 years
Emerging Adulthood: from 18 to 25 years
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Term
| Describe a development that is "continuous". What makes it continuous? |
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Definition
| A process of gradually adding more of the same types of skills that were there to begin with. |
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Term
| Describe a development that is "discontinuious". What makes it discontinuous? |
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Definition
| A process in which new ways of understanding and responding to the world emerge at specific times. Like steps. |
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Term
| Think of something that has changed in you since you were a child. Was this change due to nature or nurture? Explain. |
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Definition
I used to be very very shy and quite, people thought I did not have a voice. Now I never shut up.
This change is due to a little bit of both nature and nurture. Nature because my dad is very talkative.
Nurture because I was tired of people talking about me when I was right there. |
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Term
| What is a development primarily due to nature (or biology - genetics or maturation) in preschoolers? Primarily due to nurture (or environment)? |
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Definition
Nature: Eye colore, height, skin tone, etc.
Nuture: eating habbits, etc. |
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Term
| What is meant by "stability" in child development? What is an example in your own development of a trait that is stable over time? |
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Definition
Individuals high or low in a characteristic remain so that later ages. Early experience may have a lifelong experience.
Example: ability to make others laugh for no reason |
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Term
| What is meant by "plasticity" in child development? What is an example of plasticity in your own development? |
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Definition
| Change is possible, based on experiences. |
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Term
| What is a development in people that has a "sensitive period"? What does "sensitive period" mean? |
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Definition
An optimal time for certain capacities to emerge.
Individual is especially responsive to environment.
Boundaries less clearly defined than a critical period. |
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Term
| What do we mean by resilience in child development? What qualities or circumstances contribute to s child being resilient? |
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Definition
Personal characteristics
A war parental relationship
Social support outside the immediate family
community resources and opportunities. |
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Term
| What are some environmental contexts that can influence a child's development? |
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Definition
Family
Socioeconomic Status (SES)
Neighborhoods
Towns and Cities
Cultural context |
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Term
| How might eating dinner together as a family influence development? Why would this be? |
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Definition
| Associated with the reduction in adjustment difficulties, even after many other aspects of parenting are controlled. |
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Term
| In what ways might culture and/or society (individualist and collectivist) influence children's development? |
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Definition
Individualist
- People think of themselves as separate from others.
- Concerned with personal goals
Collectivist
- People define themseleves as part of a group.
- Concerned with group goals over individual goals
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Term
| What is a theory? In what ways are theories useful? |
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Definition
An orderly, integrated set of statements that describes, explains, and predicts behavior.
They provide organizing frameworks for our oberservations of children.
They are verified by research often serve as a sound basis ffor practical action. |
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Term
Freud's Psychosexual Theory
a.Why does development happen?
b.When does development happen?
c.What develops?
d.Is development continuous or discontinuous?
e.Is development primarily due to nature (biology, genetics) or nurture (the social or physical environment’s influences)?
f.Is there one path in development or many possible paths in development? |
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Definition
- Oral: birth through one year. If oral needs are not met through sucking from breast or bottle, the individual may develop such habbits as thumb sucking, fingernail biting, overeating, or smoking.
- Anal: 1 - 3 years. Toddlers and preschoolers enjoy holding and releasing urine and faces.
- Phallic: 3-6 years. Children feel a sexual desire for the other sex parent.
- Latency: 6 - 11 years. Sexual instincts die down, and the superego strengthens as the child aquires new social values from adults and same-sex peers.
- Genital: Adolescence. With puberty, sexual impulses reappear.
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Term
Erikson's Psychosocial Theory
a.Why does development happen?
b.When does development happen?
c.What develops?
d.Is development continuous or discontinuous?
e.Is development primarily due to nature (biology, genetics) or nurture (the social or physical environment’s influences)?
f.Is there one path in development or many possible paths in development? |
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Definition
Basic trust vs. mistrust birth - 1 year
Autonomy vs. shame and doubt 1 - 3 years
Initiative vs. guilt 3 - 6 years
Industry vs. inferiority 6 - 11 years
Identity vs. role confusion Adolescence
Intimacy vs. isolation Emerging adulthood
Generativity vs. stagnation Adulthood
Integrity vs. despair Old age |
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Term
Behaviorism
a.Why does development happen?
b.When does development happen?
c.What develops?
d.Is development continuous or discontinuous?
e.Is development primarily due to nature (biology, genetics) or nurture (the social or physical environment’s influences)?
f.Is there one path in development or many possible paths in development? |
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Definition
Classical Conditioning - Stimulus – Response
Operant Conditioning - Reinforcers & punishments
Social-Cognitive Approach - Modeling Self-efficacy
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Term
Bandura's Social Learning Theory
a.Why does development happen?
b.When does development happen?
c.What develops?
d.Is development continuous or discontinuous?
e.Is development primarily due to nature (biology, genetics) or nurture (the social or physical environment’s influences)?
f.Is there one path in development or many possible paths in development?
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Definition
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Term
Piget's Theory of Cognitive Development (Constructivism)
a.Why does development happen?
b.When does development happen?
c.What develops?
d.Is development continuous or discontinuous?
e.Is development primarily due to nature (biology, genetics) or nurture (the social or physical environment’s influences)?
f.Is there one path in development or many possible paths in development? |
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Definition
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Term
Information Processing Theory
a.Why does development happen?
b.When does development happen?
c.What develops?
d.Is development continuous or discontinuous?
e.Is development primarily due to nature (biology, genetics) or nurture (the social or physical environment’s influences)?
f.Is there one path in development or many possible paths in development? |
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Definition
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Term
Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory
a.Why does development happen?
b.When does development happen?
c.What develops?
d.Is development continuous or discontinuous?
e.Is development primarily due to nature (biology, genetics) or nurture (the social or physical environment’s influences)?
f.Is there one path in development or many possible paths in development? |
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Definition
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Term
Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory
a.Why does development happen?
b.When does development happen?
c.What develops?
d.Is development continuous or discontinuous?
e.Is development primarily due to nature (biology, genetics) or nurture (the social or physical environment’s influences)?
f.Is there one path in development or many possible paths in development? |
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Definition
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