Term
| What protein sources have the lowest biological value ( BV ) when used in nonruminant diets. Highest biological value (BV) ? |
|
Definition
Corn, Barley, and Wheat
Milk Protein and Fish Meal |
|
|
Term
| Which hay will contain the least amount of NDF in cellulose? |
|
Definition
| Less growth, Less NDF and Less Cellulose |
|
|
Term
| Which nutrient is present in the largest quantities of plant feeds? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The fraction of feed protein that is not digested in the stomach of a cow? |
|
Definition
| Undegraded ( UIP ) /Bypass Protein |
|
|
Term
| What is a fat soluble vitamin that needs to be supplemented to cattle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which enzyme is effective in digesting lipids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which enzyme effectively digests fiber carbohydrates? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which VFAs are synthesized by microbes in ruminants and nonruminants? |
|
Definition
| Acetic, Propionate, and Butyric |
|
|
Term
| The ____________ enzyme breaks down peptide bonds between amino acids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In ruminant animals, acetic acid is absorbed from the ___________? But in horses, acetic acid is absorbed from the ___________? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Methane energy losses as a proportion to total gross energy, will be lowest for which feedstuff, when fed to cattle? |
|
Definition
| Wheat Grain ( grain < hay) |
|
|
Term
| Which grain source has the highest digestibility when fed to sheep? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which assays is a component of the Van Soest System? |
|
Definition
| NDF ( Neutral Detergent Fiber ) |
|
|
Term
| What are the polysaccharides? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which assay least accurately predicts the total fiber content in a feed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The digestibility of long stem alfalfa hay is ____________ the digestibility of alfalfa pellets when fed to cattle. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As a proportion of total GIT volume ____________ have the largest stomach? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In horses, amino acids from microbial protein are absorbed from the _________? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cellulose is composed of glucose molecules linked by ________ bonds, where as amylase is composed of glucose molecules linked by _________ bonds. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the primary limitation to using the TDN system to evaluate the energy value of a feed? |
|
Definition
| TDN does not account for the energy losses in heat increment and methane. |
|
|
Term
| For cattle fed a roughage based diet, what is the largest source of energy loss? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In cattle amino acids from microbial protein are absorbed from the __________? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Maltase is an enzyme that functions to ___________? |
|
Definition
| Break glycosidic bonds between sugar molecules |
|
|
Term
| You would expect to find potassium in which fraction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe two factors that cause digestibility to decrease in ruminant animals? |
|
Definition
1. If you process the feedstuff, forage and general digest will decrease. If you process the grain general digest will increase.
2. Exposure to very cold temperatures will cause an animal the need to spend more energy warming itself and digest will decrease. |
|
|
Term
| Explain why using a LECO nitrogen analyzer to determine the crude protein concentration of a feed may give you an inaccurate determination of true protein contained in the feed? |
|
Definition
| 1. It cannot tell the difference between true protein and urea. 2. not all protein is 16% nitrogen |
|
|
Term
| Which feed energy system is the least accurate in terms of assessing the useful energy values of the feedstuff. |
|
Definition
TDN ( Total digestible nutrient ) is the LEAST
NE ( Net energy ) is the MOST |
|
|
Term
| One key advantage of using Near Infared Spectroscopy to analyze the nutritional value of feeds. |
|
Definition
| Simplicity and speed of use |
|
|
Term
| A VFA that increases in concentration when cattle are switched from high grain diet to high forage diet? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| NDF content is always larger than _________ content of feed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Match the Nutrients to the proximate analysis fraction that it will be found in:
Lysine
Vitamin A
Cellulose
Starch
Wax
Glucose
Copper |
|
Definition
Lysine- Crude Protein
Vitamin A- Crude Fat
Cellulose- Crude Fiber
Starch- NFE ( nitrogen free extract)
Wax- Crude Fat
Glucose- NFE
Copper- Ash |
|
|
Term
| Describe the difference between positive associative affects compared to negative associative affects? |
|
Definition
| Positive is when you mix together different feedstuffs and the new digestibility is greater than the average of the feedstuff themselves. The negative is when you mix together different feedstuff and the new digestibility is lower than the average of the feedstuff themselves. |
|
|
Term
| The Crude Fiber content of corn silage is 22% dry matter basis, where as the NDF is 48% dry matter basis. Explain why crude fiber content is lower than the NDF content. |
|
Definition
| Crude Fiber does not account 100% of all the cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Some get left into the NDF. |
|
|
Term
| Indicate the primary site of absorption of VFAs for each specie. |
|
Definition
Cows( ruminant ) - Stomach
Horse ( hind gut fermentor ) - Large Intestine
Pigs ( non-ruminant ) - Large Intestine |
|
|
Term
| Describe 2 factors that cause digestibility to increase in pigs? |
|
Definition
1. Giving sub-theraputic doses of antibiotics will cause digestion to increase.
2. Feeding grains that have been processed such as steamed or rolled will increase the digestion. |
|
|
Term
| 2 Vitamins that need to be included in a non-ruminant ( pig and horse ) diet ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the key differences and similarities between how fiber carbohydrate is digested in a horse compared to cattle. |
|
Definition
In the horse- Some fiber is digested in the cecum and is turned into acetic acid which is absorbed int he large intestine.
In cattle- Fiber is digested in the rumen, and that fiber is converted to VFAs which is absorbed in the stomach. |
|
|
Term
| A steer and a barrow are both fed a high grain diet that contains 14% Crude Protein, the blend of essential amino acids is poor. The steer gains as expected according to the energy value of the feed. However the pig grows very slow. Why is the steer able to gain as expected compared to the pig. |
|
Definition
| Pigs need to be fed a diet that has the appropriate essential amino acid blend because their body cannot synthesize them. Diets lacking essential amino acids would cause a pig to have a poor weight gain ratio. Ruminants can be fed diets lacking the appropriate amino acid blend because microbes can synthesize essential amino acids in the rumen and absorb them in the small intestine. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the difference in how the energy value of a feed is derived using the TDN method compared to the DE ( digestible energy ) method |
|
Definition
| Bomb calorimeter measures the heat it gives off which is the TDN or gross energy. DE is gross energy - fecal losses. |
|
|
Term
| What is the key difference in how lipids are digested in pigs vs. cows? |
|
Definition
| In pigs lipids are digested by enzymatic digestion ( lipase) in the small intestine, cows lipids are digested by fermentation in the rumen. The rumen breaks the lipids down to glycerol and long chain fatty acids which is broken down to VFAs which are biohydrized to saturated fats. |
|
|
Term
| A fat soluble vitamin that needs to be supplemented in a diet to all animals to meet its requirements. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A micromineral that needs to be supplied in the diet of all animals to meet its requirements? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the ranking of feed assays from most accurate to least? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which method is used to measure the heat increment of a feed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The fraction of feed protein that is converted into ammonia in the stomach of a cow is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which enzymes are affective in digesting carbohydrates ( CHO ) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What feed constituent would you expect to find int he crude fat fraction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increasing the concentration of hay in a diet fed to goats will ______ acetic acid production and __________ propionic acid production? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nitrogen free extract is part of the __________ analysis system, and in theory contains the ____________ fraction of plant material? |
|
Definition
| Proximate, Starch Carbohydrate ( CHO ) |
|
|
Term
| Which feedstuff would you expect to find the most variation in the crude protein concentrations? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| IN calculating TDN you multiply Digestible crude fat by a factor of _________ whereas, you do not multiply digestible protein or CHO by this number. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which assay is not an actual chemical procedure and is based on calculation only? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which feed constituent would you expect to find in the crude protein fraction? |
|
Definition
| Non Protein Nitrogen ( NPN ) , Threonine |
|
|
Term
| 3 factors that will affect the crude protein content of alfalfa hay? |
|
Definition
| Maturity, Soil fertility, and if it was rained on after it was cut |
|
|
Term
| Why do we need to include a dietary source of riboflavin when forming a dietary ration for horses but not for sheep? |
|
Definition
| Microbes in the rumen of a sheep manufacture riboflavin and it is absorbed in the small intestine. Microbes in the cecum also manufacture riboflavin, but the horse cannot absorb it unless it practices caprophagy. |
|
|
Term
| 2 sources of metabolizable protein for the ruminant? |
|
Definition
| By-pass protein and Microbial Protein |
|
|
Term
| 2 factors that influence the NE requirement for pregnancy in sheep? |
|
Definition
| # of fetuses and pregnancy stage |
|
|
Term
| What measurements are needed to calculate PER or a diet? |
|
Definition
| Body weight of animal at trial start, feed intake during trial, crude protein content of feed, and body weight at the end of the trial |
|
|
Term
| Why do medium frame steers have a higher net energy requirement for growth than large frame steers? |
|
Definition
| Because it takes more energy to deposit fat than lean tissue. |
|
|
Term
| Why would it be a good idea to formulate and feed seperate diets for barrows and gilts. |
|
Definition
| Barrows eat more feed per lb. of body weight than gilts. It's possible to give them the same amount of nutrients in 2 rations. Low nutrient density for barrows, high nutrient density for gilts. |
|
|
Term
| Which species, steers or pigs would it be easier to increase the concentration of unsaturated fatty acids in adipose tissue (fat) by feeding diets that contained higher concentrations of unsaturated fatty acids? |
|
Definition
| Pigs, because the fact that even if you feed cattle unsaturated fatty acids, the cow's rumen will saturate them. This is referred to as biohydrogenation. Pigs can saturate fatty acids. |
|
|
Term
| Why is the difference between DE and NE greater in roughage feeds like coastal hay, than in concentrate feeds like corn grain? |
|
Definition
| Due to heat increment, high methane associated with these feeds. The heat increment for roughages is much higher than the heat increment of grains. The true digestibility of roughages is lower than that of grains, resulting in a more ineffecient use of DE. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the procedure you would go through in order to develop the use of an IR to accurately determine the nutritional content of energy plus on a routine basis? |
|
Definition
| Have to get 100s of samples of seperate feed stuff ingredients inenergy plus, the sample will be tested by conventional means, and then run on an NIR. A database will be constructed of IR spectrums on known nutrient densities and feedstuffs. This database will be useful in determining the nutrient value of the feedstuff. |
|
|
Term
| When fed to dairy cows the digestibility of long stem ( unprocessed hay ) will be __________ than the digestibility of processed ( small particle sized hay ) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The primary site of lipid digestion in the horse is the ___________, whereas the primary site of lipid digestion in the sheep is the __________? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is used in calculating TDN? |
|
Definition
| Digestibility of Crude Fiber, Feed Crude Fat content, NFE content |
|
|
Term
| Which assays are components of the proximate analysis system? |
|
Definition
| Ether extract, NFE, Crude Fiber |
|
|
Term
| In sheep amino acids from microbial protein are absorbed from the _______? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Acetic, Propionic, and Butyric Acid |
|
|
Term
| What are the long chain fatty acids |
|
Definition
| Steric, Oleic, Palmitic, Linelinic |
|
|
Term
| Primary assumption made in conducting a crude protein analysis of a feed sample |
|
Definition
| 16 % nitrogen in the protein of feeds |
|
|
Term
| 2 factors that will affect the NE requirement of lactation in dairy cattle |
|
Definition
| amount of fat in milk and amount of milk produced |
|
|
Term
| Which is larger NDF or CF? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define protein quality as it relates to non ruminant nutrition and explain why SBM has a higher protein quality than peanut meal? |
|
Definition
| SBM has a higher protein quality because it contains larger amounts of essential amino acids. Also has a better balance and easier to digest than peanut meal. |
|
|
Term
| The rate of limiting amino acids in pigs from first to last? |
|
Definition
| Lysine, Methionine, Threonine, Tryptophan |
|
|
Term
| Which nutrient has the highest heat of combustion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 factors causing feed intake to decrease in pigs |
|
Definition
| hot weather, pelleting of feed, and over crowding |
|
|
Term
| Feeding protein supplements that contain less bypass protein would be beneficial for high producing _____________? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| TDN underestimates the useful energy value of __________ to a greater extent than _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The BV of microbial protein would be higher than the BV of corn protein. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Kjeldahl or LECO are the names of chemical procedures used to analyze the ___________ content of feeds. Results from these analysis are multiplied ________ to determine the crude protein content of feed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Metabolic body size is used to estimate ___________ in animals? |
|
Definition
| Energy requirement for body maintenance |
|
|
Term
| In calculating TDN the digestible crude __________ is first multiplied by _________? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which is the most accurate and the least accurate system. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ is an example of an unsaturated fatty acid. _________ acid is an example of a saturated fatty acid. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 protein sources that are classified as containing a high proportion of bypass or UIP for cattle. |
|
Definition
| Corn Gluten Meal or Blood Meal |
|
|
Term
| Which nutrient has the highest gross energy concentration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which assay is used to predict forage intake? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which assay is used to predict forage digestibility? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the relationship between NDF and Digestibility? |
|
Definition
| The lower the NDF, the higher the digestibility. |
|
|
Term
| For cattle fed a roughage based diet, which of the following would you expect to be the smallest source of energy loss? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What energy use system is most similar to TDN |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What enzyme is most effective in digesting starch carbohydrates? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The procedure that can be used to analyze multiple nutrients in one operation |
|
Definition
| Near Infared Spectroscopy |
|
|
Term
| What fracture is calcium found in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which nutrient has the highest gross energy content. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Methods used to measure protein quality of the feed source for the use in non-ruminant diets? |
|
Definition
| BV, IUP, PER, nitrogen balance |
|
|
Term
| 2 sources of nitrogen that meet rumen microbe requirements for growth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For typical livestock feeds which of the following feeds have supplied almost dietary energy to livestock |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| You would expect to see the largest difference between true and digestibility and apparent digestibility for which nutrient? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which nutrient is in the smallest quantity in plant feedstuff? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which fraction contains the most amylase? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 feedstuffs produced in texas that are known to ocassionally contain aflatoxin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The protein that reaches the small intestine for igestion and absobrtion. Ruminants there are two types: bypass and microbial protein. |
|
|
Term
| What is a low bypass protein feedstuff? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which is the high bypass protein feedstuff? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why do we multiple Digestible Crude fat by 2.25 in deriving TDN? |
|
Definition
| Fat when compared to a card, is 2.25 more dense in terms of useful energy. |
|
|
Term
| Describe how starch carb is digested in a smilar manner between horses and cattle? |
|
Definition
| The similarity between the two animals is that starch can be digested enzymatically in the small intestine by both animals. Both animals can also ferment starch into VFAs but the site of fermentation is at two different locations of the GIT in the two different animals. |
|
|
Term
| Crude fiber fraction contains |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 enzymes that break down protein |
|
Definition
| Pepsin, Trypsin, and Chymotrypsin |
|
|
Term
| A nutrient that doesn't contain nitrogen |
|
Definition
| Starch or fiber or cho or any mineral or vitamin |
|
|
Term
| What assay determines the level of heat damaged protein in a feed |
|
Definition
| Acid detergent and soluble nitrogen |
|
|
Term
| In horses amino acids from microbial protein are abosrbed from the ___________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which contains higher concentration of crude fat, alfalfa hay or cottonseed hull |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| non protein nitrogen source |
|
|
