Syndromes: 

Down, Turner, Klinefelter 

-genetic condition in which a person has 47 chromosomes instead of the usual 46.

-genetic condition in which a female does not have the usual pair of two X chromosomes. 

-presence of an extra X chromosome in a male. 

-The loss of one or more nucleotides from a gene by mutalation; the loss of a fragment of a chromosomes.

- Reptition of part of a chromosome resulting from fusion with a fragment from a homologous chromosome; can result from an error in meiosis or from mutagenesis. 

-A change in the chromosome resulting from a reattachment of a chromosome fragement to the orginal chromsome, but in a reverse direction. 

-1. During protein synethesis, the movement of tRNA molecule carrying a growing polypeptide chain from the A site to the P site on a ribosome. 

2. A change in chromosomes resulting from a chromosomal fragment attaching to a nonhomologous chromosome; can occur as a result of an error in meiosis or from mutagensis. 

Cystic Fibrosis vs. Achondroplasisa vs. Huntington's vs. Alzheimer's Diesease 

- A disease that occurs in people with two copies of a certian recessive allele. 

-Human dwarfism 

- Uncontrollable body movements, caused by a single dominant allele.

-Confusion, memory loss and other symptoms.

- The transmission of traits from one generation to the next. 

-The scientific study of heredity. 

- Mixing?

- Traits that inherited like particles=genes. 

-A form of reproduction that involves fusion of sperm and egg produced by the same individual organism. 

-The fusion of sperm and egg derived from two different individuals. 

- Crosses between identical homozygotes.

- An offspring of parents of two different species or of two different vareities of one species.  

-Parents

-Offspring

-Next offspring

- An alternative version of a gene.

-Unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA.

-The particular site where a gene is found on a chromosome. 

- Allele that determines the phenotype. It shows up more in the offspring. 

-Allele that isn't as noticable in the offspring. 

-Having two identical alleles for a given gene. 

-Having two different alleles for a given gene. 

-The gentic makeup of an organism.

-The expressed traits of an organsim.

- 

-the inhertiance of one character has no effect on the inherritance of another.

- An experimental mating of individudal differing in a single character. 

-An experimental mating of individuals differing in two characteristics. 

-Mating of an unkown genotype. See if its recessive for the same characteristics. It can determine the unkown genotype(homozygous vs. heterozygous).

- Phenotype of a heterozygous is intermediate bewteen the phenotype of the two types of homozygous 

-Inheritance pattern in which a heterozygote expresses the distinct trait of both alleles. 

- the control of more than one phenotypic characteristic by a single gene. 

- the addictive effects of two or more gene loci on a single phenotypic characteristic.

One gene suppresses or "dominates" a different gene, rather than an allel. 

-The first set of parents crossed in which their genotype is the basis for predicting the genotype of their offspring,

-DNA molecule carrying nucleotide sequences derived from two or more sources

- A listing of the relative locations of genes along a chromosome as determined by recombination frequencies 

-indicates the relative positions of the genes that code for certain characteristics

-a chromosome that determines whether an individual is male or female

-a chromosome not directly involved in determining the sex of the organism. 

- a change in the sqeuence of DNA 

-normal gene opposed to mutant one

-A nitrogen-containing, single-ring, basic compound that occurs in nucleic acids. The pyrimidines in DNA are cytosine and thymine; in RNA, cytosine and uracil

-A nitrogen-containing, double-ring, basic compound that occurs in nucleic acids. The purines in DNA and RNA are adenine and guanine.

- 1. DNA is double stranded

2. contains deoxy ribose sugar

3. Adenine Guanine Thiamien and Cytosine 

4. Has no types

-RNA is single strand

2. riboxy sugar molecule

3. Uracil instead of Thaimien

4. Has different types like m-RNA, t-RNA, r-RNA

-The copy of something

-the synthesis of DNA and RNA

-the synthesis of a ploypetide using the gentic information encoded in an mRNA moelcule. 

-property of double-stranded nucleic acids such as DNA,

-used to refer to a nucleotide sequence that directs thesynthesis of a sequence complementary 

-to undo, or unwind

-to put two things together

-Where they come together and attach

-DNA polymerases are best-known for their role in DNA replication, in which the polymerase "reads" an intact DNA strand as a template and uses it to synthesize the new strand.

-key enzyme involved in creating an equivalent RNA copy of a sequence of DNA. 

-Substance that makes proteins

-Nucleotide sequnce in DNA located near the start of a gene that is the binding site for RNA polymearse and the place where transcriptoin begins. 

-sequence of nucleotides in DNA that marks the end of a gene. It signals RNA polymearse to release the newly made RNA molecule and then to epart from the gene. 

- A set of three-nucleotie-long "words" that specify the amino acid for polypeptide chains. 

-A three nucleotide sequence in mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or polypeptide termination singal.

-On the tRNA molecule, a specific sequence of three nucleotides that is complemtary to a codon triplet on mRNA. 

-Starting point of replication or translation

-

- Messenger RNA, the key intermediary in gene expression, translating the DNA's genetic code into the amino acids that make up proteins.

-The role of tRNAs is to bond with amino acids and transfer them to the ribosomes, where proteins are assembled according to the genetic code carried by mRNA

-Strictly speaking, ribosomal RNA (rRNA) does not make proteins. It makes polypeptides (assemblies of amino acids) that go to make up proteins.

- A change in the nucleotide sequence of an organsim's DNA

- a chemical or physical agent that interacts with DNA and causes a mutation

-the chain of errors that causes it

base subsitiution which converts one amino acido into another

Converts as an amino acid into a stop codon causing a truncated protein 

-The process where genetic information flows from genes to protiens. 

-The normal proecess by which a less specialized cell develops or matures to possess a more distinct form and function.

-A cluster of genes with related functions 

-a sequence of nucletoides near the start of an operon to which an active repressor protien can attach. 

-A nucleotide sequence in DNA located near the start of a gene that is the building site for RNA ploymerase and the place where transciption begins. 

-A protein that blocks the transcription of a gene or operon. 

-Sugar molecule (lactose) which binds repressor protein

-Sequence that helps stimulate the transcription of a gene at some distance from it. 

- A small portien molecule associated with DNA and important in DNA packing in the eukaroytic chromosome. 

-The bread-like unit of DNA packing in eukaryotic cell; consits of DNA wound around a protein core made up of eight histone molecules. 

-Nucleic acid sequence in the DNA or RNA transcript following genetic splicing.

- Nucleotide squence within a gene that is removed by RNA splicing to get the final RNA of a gene. 

-modification of an RNA after transcription, in which introns are removed and exons are joined

-Abnormal mass of cells that remains at its orginal site in the body.

-Abnormal tissue mass that can spread into neighboring tissue and to other parts of the body; a cancerous tumor. 

-the spread of cancer cells beyond their original site. 

-A cancer causing gene; usually contributes to malignancy by abnormally enhancing the amount or activity of a growth factor made by a cell. 

-A cancer causing agent, either high energy radiation or a chemical.

- Restriction fragment length polymorphism: varitation in the length of a restriction fragement. RFLP's are produced when homologous DNA sequences contaiing SNP's are cut up with restriction enzymes. 

-Polymerase chain reaction: a techniques used to obtain many copies of a DNA molecule or a specific part of a DNA molecule. 

-Shared (developmental) orgins

1. Clitoris=penis

2. Labia=scrotum 

-Female gonad which prodcues egg cells and reproducive hormones.

- The tube that conveys egg cells awat from an ovary.

-The release of an egg cell from an ovarian follicle.

-a cluster of cells that surrond, protect and nuorish a developing egg cell in the ovary.

-a small body of endocrine tissue that devlops from an ovarian follicle after ovulation and secretes progesterone and estrogen during pregnancy. 

-Reproductive system of a mammalian female, the organ where the development of young occurs; the womb. 

-the neck of the uterus, which opens into the vagina. 

-Part of the female productive system between the uterus and the outside opening,the birth cannal for mammals.

-an organ in the female the engorged with bolld and becomes erect during sexual arousal. 

-Lubrication 

-A developing stage of mulitcelluar organism. Start of a new born baby. 

-A developing human from the 9th week of gestation until birth.

-the male gonad in an animal. the testis produces sperm and in many species reprdouctive hormones. 

-a pouch of skin outside the abdomen that houses the tesites and functions in cooling sperm, keeping them viable. 

-a long coiled tube which sperm pass from the testies and are stored until mature and enjaculated. 

-Explusion of semen from the penis. 

-Part of the male reproductive system conveys sperm away from the testis;the sperm duct; in humans, the tube the conveys sperm between the epididymis and the common duct that leads to the urethra. 

-a duct that conveys urine from the uninary bladder to the outside. in the male the urethra also conveys semen iut of the body during ejcaluation. 

-a gland in males that secretes a thick fluid that contains fructose, which provides most of the sperm's energy.

-a gland in human males that secrets a thin fluid that nourshes the sperm. 

-Lubercation 

-tubes

-tissues that secrete fluids, includes hormones. 

-the formation of sperm cells (spermatogenesis)

-secrete testosterone

-Hormone made in testis (by interset cells) which causes male sexual traits. 

-the hormonally synchronzied cyclic buildup and breakdown of the endomentruim of the endomentrium of some primates, including humans. 

-uterine bleeding resulting from shedding of the endometrium during a menstrual cycle. 

-a kind of hormone secreted by the hypothalamus that promotes the release of hormones from the anterior pituitary. 

-follicle stimulating hormones 

-intertition cells 

-one of the serveral chemcially simliar steriod hormones secreted by the gonads; maintains the female reproductive system and promotes the development of female features. 

- steriod hormones, including progestrone, produced by the mammalian ovary. Progestins prepare the uterus for pregnancy. 

-shaping

-process of cellular specialzation

-1. Characterized by pinching in of the plasma membrane.

2. the first major phase of embrayoinc development in which rapid cell division without cell growth transforms the animal zygote into a ball of cells. 

-the second major phase of emryonic development, which transforms the blastula into a gastrula. Gastrulation adds more cells to the embryo and sorts the cells into distinct cell layers.

-the process by which neural plate develops into a neural tube.

-an embryonic stage that marks the end of clevage during animal development; a hollow ball of cells in many species. 

-in developing animals, a central, fluid-filled cavity in a blastula. 

-opening into the archenteron during the embryonic stages of an organism.

-an mammalian emberyo made up of hallow ball of cells that results from celeavage and that implants in the mother's endometrium. 

-the outer layer of three embryonic cell laters in a gastrula. the ecotderm forms the skin of the fastrula nad gives rise to the epidermis and nervous system in an adult. 

-the middle layer of the three embryonic cell laters in a gastrula. the mesdoderm gices rise to muscles, bones the dermis of the skin and most other organs in the adult.  

- the innermost of the three embryoinic cell layers in a gasturla; forms the archenteron in the gastrula  and gives eise to the innermost linings of the digestive system in regulating body functions and mainaning homeostatis. 

- a flexible, cartilage-loke, longitudinal rod located between the digestive tract and nerve cord in chordate animals; present ony in embryos in many species. 

-  formation the embryo consists of three cell layers: the ectoderm that eventually forms the skin and neural tissues, the mesoderm that forms muscle and bone, and the endoderm that will form the cells lining the digestive and respiratory tract.

-an embryonic cylinder that develops from the ectoderm after gastrulation and gives rise to the bain and spinal cord. 

- The mass inside the embryo that will later give rise to the defintinve structures of a fetus. 

-The outer protein of a blastocyst. Cells of the trophblast secrete enzymes that enable the blastocyst to implant in the endometrium of the mother's uterus. 

-The outermost extraembryonic membrane, which becomes the mammlian embryo's part of the placenta. 

-The inner linning of the uterus in mammals, richly supplied with blood vessels that provide the maternal part of the placenta and nourish the developing emberyo. 

-The organ that provides nutirents and oxygen to the embryo and helps dispose of its metaloblic wastes; formed of the embryo's chorion and the mother's endometerial blood vessels. 

-obtained from the urine of pregnant women since it is secreted by the placenta during pregnancy. It is usually used as a luteinizing hormone replacement.

-It plays a big role in sexual reproduction. Its a mammalian hormone that acts primarily as a neuromodulator in the brain.