Term
| Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic |
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Definition
- more focused on what is happening in the subconscious
- people who have repressed trauma can be treated with hypnosis, dream interpretation, and talk therapy
- different from cognitive because we aren't aware of these thoughts
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- first to propose importance of studying subconscious in treatment of mental issues
- id ego: doing the wrong thing
- super-ego: doing the right thing
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- gender expectations within a culture
- religion
- how you're raised
- how culture plays a role in development of values
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- how and what a person thinks
- how we process and store information
- how perceptions and values influence behavior and feelings
- internal sentences--change them to change yourself
- making choices based on values
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- Behaviorist: we only do things to avoid punishment or to reap rewards
- what we observe in our environment (what our parents teach us)
- how we are raised
- our environment forms us but we can choose how we respond to it
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- studied how behaviors can be influenced by rewards
- beginning of behavioralism
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- also known as "Positive Psych"
- Carl Rogers
- Roger Maslow (hierarchy of needs)
- only focused on the present: past isn't changeable
- emphasis on individual's potential for personal growth
- underneath everything people are basically good...but we make mistakes
- how feelings dictate thoughts
- praise/hugs = good
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- medicine
- brain structure
- horomones
- exercise
- good food
- brain chemistry
- genetics
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- simple form of learning in which one stimulus (thought of food) calls forth response (salivation) that is usually called forth by another stimulus (actual food) after they have been associated with one another
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- stimulus that causes a response that is automatic, not learned
ex. actual food given to the dogs
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- automatic response to the unconditioned stimulus (not learned)
ex. dogs salivating when they ate the food
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- learned response to a stimulus that was previously neutral or meaningless
ex. Salivation
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- something that, once it is repeatedly associated with something, goes from neutral to stimulant
ex. Bell rung before dogs were given food
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- a learned avoidance of a particular food
- may only take one pairing of food and illness to create aversion
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- occurs when the conditioned stimulus is disconnected from the unconditioned stimulus
ex. when the bell no longer signals the food coming
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- when the organisms display responses that were extinguished earlier
ex. when the bell starts to signify the coming of food again
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- act of responding in the same ways to stimuli that seem to be similar
ex. dogs were shown a circle before they were fed and they eventually responded to both the circle and the bells
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- person is exposed to the harmless stimulus until fear responses to that stimulus are gone
- effective, usually quite unpleasant
ex. person afraid of snakes is put in a room full of harmless snakes
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Term
| Systematic desensitization |
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Definition
- people are taught relaxation techniques and exposed to feared stimulus while in relaxed state
- more time consuming, but less unpleasant for patient
ex. someone who is afraid of snakes will be shown pictures of snakes while they are relaxed. Once they can handle pictures, they may be able to handle real snakes
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- a pleasant stimulus is paired repeatedly with a fearful one, counteracting the fear
ex. Little child afraid of rabbit exposed to fear while being given candy and treats. Eventually love of treats cancels out fear of rabbit
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- people and animals learn to do certain things based on the consequences of their actions
- humans have more control over reactions
ex. study to get good grades
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- the process by which a stimulus increases the chances that the preceding behavior will occur again
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- reinforcers that function due to the biological makeup of an organism
- food, water, adequate warmth
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- learned
- money, attention, social approval
- acquire value through long chain of associations
ex. good grades --> good college --> good job - more money and social approval
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- increase the frequency of the behavior they follow when they are applied
ex. If a child is rewarded for cleaning their room, they will continue to clean their room to get more rewards.
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- increase the frequency of the behavior that follows when they are removed.
- usually unpleasant in some way
ex. When a parent is shopping with a child and they won't stop crying, they will give them candy to stop the crying.
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- a way of teaching complex behaviors in which one first reinforces small steps in the total activity
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- each step of a sequence must be learned and must lead to the next until the final action is achieved
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