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Definition
A nuclear division mechanism that occurs in the somatic cells (body cells) of multicelled eukaryotes. |
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Definition
Mitosis and ____ are the basis of increases in body size during development |
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The Functions of Mitosis and Cytoplasmic Division |
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Definition
1. Increases in body size during growth 2. Replacement of dead or worn-out cells 3. Repair of damaged tissues (Basis of asexual reproduction) |
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The Functions of Meiosis and Cytoplasmic Division |
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Definition
In single-celled and multicelled eukaryotes, the basis of sexual reproduction; part of the processes by which gamete and sexual spores form |
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The function of Prokaryotic Fission |
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Definition
In bacteria and archaens alone, the basis of asexual reproduction |
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Definition
A nuclear division mechanism that precedes the formation of gametes or spores, and it is the basis of sexual reproduction |
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Definition
Two molecules of DNA attached as a single chromosome |
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The smallest unit of structural organization in eukaryotic chromosomes Part of a DNA molecule looped twice around a core of histone proteins |
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The constricted region where chromatids attach to one another |
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During nuclear division this forms at the centromere. They are binding sites for microtubules that attach to chromatids. |
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What is the point of all the structural organization in the nucleus? |
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Definition
Huge amount of DNA to pack into a little nucleus. Also serves a regulatory purpose; enzymes cannot access DNA that is tightly coiled |
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Usually less that 10 micrometers in diameter |
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A cell copies all of its DNA before it divides |
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A cell does what during Interphase? |
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Definition
A cell increases its mass roughly doubles the number of its cytoplasmic components and replicates its DNA |
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Interval of cell growth before DNA replication |
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Interval of cell growth when the DNA is replicated (chromosomes duplicated) |
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Definition
Interval after DNA replication; the cell prepares to divide |
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Gap intervals were named because... |
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Definition
outwardly they seem to be periods of inactivity |
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Most cells going about their metabolic business are in... |
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Definition
Work at certain points in the cell cycle. Some function as built-in brakes on the cell cycle |
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The neurons in most parts of your brain remain permanently in.. |
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Definition
The sum of all chromosomes in a cell of a given type |
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A sequence of stages through which a cell passes during its lifetime |
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Definition
The process of cytoplasmic division |
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Definition
The mesh of cytoskeletal elements just under the plasma membrane, includes a band of actin and myosin filaments that wrap around the cell's midsection during cytokinesis |
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Definition
The band of filaments around the cell's midsection which is anchored to the plasma membrane |
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What challenge do plant cells face? |
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Definition
Plant cells remain attached to one another and organized in tissues during development. Thus, Plant growth occurs mainly in the direction of cell division, and the orientation of each cell's division is critical to the architecture of the plant. |
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Definition
An enzyme that is a product of some checkpoint genes that can activate other molecules by transferring a phosphate group to them. When DNA is broken or incomplete, the kinases activate certain proteins in a cascade of signaling events that ultimately stops the cell cycle or causes the cell to die. |
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Definition
A checkpoint gene product that activate genes that stimulate cells to grow and divide |
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Definition
The cellular self-destruct mechanism |
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Definition
Another name for checkpoint gene products that inhibit mitosis |
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Occurs when the abnormally dividing cells of a malignant neoplasm disrupt body tissues, physically and metabolically |
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Cancer cells typically display three characteristics |
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Definition
1.Grow and divide abnormally. 2.Often have an altered plasma membrane and cytoplasm 3.They often have a weakened capacity for adhesion because their recognition proteins are altered or lost. |
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Definition
The name for the process of abnormal cell migration and tissue invasion |
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Term
Each year, cancers cause __ to __ percent of all human deaths in developed countries alone |
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Definition
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The process of Metastasis |
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Definition
1.Cancer cells break away from their home tissue 2.The metastasizing cells become attached to the wall of a blood vessel or lymph vessel. They release digestive enzymes onto it. Then they cross the wall at the resulting breach. 3.They creep or tumble along inside blood vessels, then leave the same way they got in |
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Typically are slow-growing and stay in their home tissue |
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Definition
Migrate abnormally through the body and establish new colonies in other tissues |
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Regions in DNA that encode information about traits |
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Definition
One parent produces offspring, so all of its offspring inherit the same number and kinds of genes. |
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Definition
The process involving meiosis, formation of mature reproductive cells, and fertilization. |
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Each different form of a gene |
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Definition
Chromosomes of a pair that have the same length, shape, and collection of genes |
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Definition
Immature reproductive cells of multi-celled eukaryotes that reproduce sexually. Uses meiosis. |
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Definition
Mature reproductive structures in animals that use meiosis. They have a single set of chromosomes. |
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Definition
Single set of chromosomes. In humans this number is 23. |
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Definition
Double set of chromosomes. One is maternal, one is paternal. In humans this number is 46. |
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Definition
The first cell of a new individual |
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Definition
The process by which a chromosome and its homologous partner exchange corresponding segments |
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In humans between __ and __ crossovers occur per meiosis |
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Definition
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Definition
Typically diploid and form by meiosis in specialized parts |
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Definition
Consist of one or a few haploid cells. The cells undergo mitosis and give rise to a gametophyte. |
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Definition
A multi-celled haploid body inside which one or more gametes form. Consist of one or a few haploid cells. The cells undergo mitosis and give rise to a gametophyte. |
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Definition
When a spermatid matures as a male gamete |
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Definition
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The cytoplasm of a primary oocyte divides __ |
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Definition
Unequally so the four cells that result differ in size and function |
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At __, the fusion of two gametes produces a zygote |
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Definition
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Definition
Results in offspring that are genetically different from the parent |
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Definition
Carry the same genes in females and males. |
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All chromosomes in humans except one pair are __ |
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Definition
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Sex Chromosomes in humans are called __ and __ |
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Definition
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Body Cells of females contain __ |
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Definition
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Body cells of males contains _ and _ |
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Definition
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The X and Y chromosome differ in __, __, and __ |
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Definition
Length, Shape, and the genes they carry |
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Term
__ Factors determine sex in some species of invertebrates, turtle, and frogs. |
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Definition
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All eggs made by a human female have one _ chromosome |
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Definition
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The human Y chromosome carries __ # of genes |
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Definition
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Definition
The master gene for male sex determination |
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The human X chromosome carries __ genes |
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Definition
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Most of the genes on the X chromosome govern __ traits |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
A diagnostic tool helps us determine an individual's diploid complement of chromosomes |
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Term
The Process of Karyotyping |
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Definition
Cells are taken from an individual and put into a fluid growth medium that stimulates mitosis. The growth medium contains colchicine a poison that binds tubulin and interferes with the assembly of mitotic spindles. Thus the cell cycle halts at metaphase. The cells and the medium are transferred to a tube and separated from the liquid medium, and a hypotonic solution is added. The cells swell which causes the chromosomes to move apart. The cells are spread on a microscope slide and stained so the chromosomes become visible with a microscope. |
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Term
A dominant allele on an autosome is expressed in __zygotes and __zygotes |
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Definition
Homozygotes and Heterozygotes |
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Definition
Involuntary muscle movements increase as the nervous system slowly deteriorates. Typically symptoms do not start until after age 30; affected people die during their forties or fifties. |
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Definition
Does not make one of three enzymes; are homozygous recessive for a mutated allele |
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Term
Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome. |
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Definition
A spontaneous mutation of a gene for lamin, a protein that normally makes up intermediate filament in the nucleus. The altered lamin is not processed properly and builds up on the inner nuclear membrane and distorts the nucleus. |
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Term
Symptoms of Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome. |
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Definition
Skin that should be plump and resilient starts to thin. Skeletal muscles weaken. Limb bones that should lengthen and grow stronger soften. Premature baldness. Symptoms start before the age of 2. |
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The X chromosome carries over __ percent of all human genes. |
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Definition
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Mutations on the X chromosome are known to cause or contribute to over ___ genetic disorders |
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Definition
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X-linked dominant alleles that cause disorders are __ than X-liked recessive. |
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Definition
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Definition
An X-linked recessive disorder that interferes with blood clotting. Bleeding is prolonged in males and homozygous females. |
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Today about 1 in _____ people is affected with Hemophilia A |
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Definition
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Term
Normally, humans can sense the differences among ___ colors |
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Definition
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A person who is red-green color blind sees fewer than __ colors |
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Definition
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Term
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy(DMD) |
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Definition
One of several X-linked recessive disorders that is characterized by muscle degeneration. DMD affects about 1 in 3500 people, almost all of them boys. |
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Term
What causes Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy? |
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Definition
A gene on the X chromosome encodes dystrophin, which is a protein that structurally supports the fused cells in muscles fibers by anchoring the cell cortex to the plasma membrane. When dystrophin is abnormal or absent, the cell cortex weakens and muscle cells die. The cell debris that remains in the tissues triggers chronic inflammation. |
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DMD is typically diagnosed in boys between the ages of __ and __ |
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Definition
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Genetic disorders are when there are __ |
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Definition
Large-scale changes in the structure of a chromosome. |
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Term
Changes in a chromosome occur __ in nature and can also be induced by __ |
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Definition
Spontaneously, exposure to certain chemicals or radiation |
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Term
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Definition
DNA sequences that are repeated two or more times |
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Duplications can occur because of __ |
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Definition
Unequal crossovers at prophase 1 |
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Definition
The loss of some portion of a chromosome |
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Term
In mammals, deletions usually cause serious disorders and are often __ |
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Definition
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The loss of genes results in the disruption of __, __, and __ |
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Definition
Growth, Development, and Metabolism |
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Term
Cri-Du-Chat is caused by a small deletion in ___ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Part of the sequence of DNA within the chromosome becomes oriented in the reverse direction |
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Term
Crossovers in an inverted region during __ may result in deletions or duplications that affect the viability of forthcoming embryos. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
When a chromosome breaks and the broken part gets attached to a different chromosome or a different part the the same one |
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Term
Most translocations are __ |
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Definition
Reciprocal, or balanced. Two chromosomes exchange broken parts. |
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Term
Why does a translocation affect fertility? |
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Definition
The two translocated chromosomes pair abnormally with their non-translocated counterparts during meiosis. They segregate improperly about half of the time, so about half of the resulting gametes will carry major duplications or deletions. |
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Term
Certain duplications have allowed one copy of a gene to ___ while a different copy ___ |
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Definition
mutate, carries out its original function |
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Term
Body cells of chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans have __ pairs of chromosomes |
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Definition
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Term
__ human chromosomes are almost identical with chimpanzee chromosomes |
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Definition
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During human evolution two chromosomes fused end to end and formed our chromosome __ |
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Definition
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Term
__ percent of flowering plant species, and some insects, fish, and other animals are polyploid |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Three or more of each type of chromosome |
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Definition
When one or more pairs of chromosomes do not separate properly during mitosis or meiosis |
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Changes in chromosome number may arise through __ |
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Definition
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Definition
A condition in which cells have too many or too few copies of a chromosome. Autosomal aneuploidy is usually fatal in humans, and it causes many miscarriages. |
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Term
A few trisomic humans are born alive, but only those have have trisomy __ will reach adult hood. |
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Definition
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A newborn with three chromosomes 21 will develop __ which is the most common type of aneuploidy in humans |
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Definition
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Term
Individuals with only an X chromosome have __ syndrome |
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Definition
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Term
Turner Syndrome is caused by... |
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Definition
Nondisjunction originating from the father. |
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Term
At least __ percent of XO embryos will spontaneously abort early in pregnancy |
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Definition
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Term
Symptoms of Turner syndrome |
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Definition
Well proportioned but short. Most do not have functional ovaries, so they don't make enough sex hormones to become sexually mature. The development of secondary sexual traits is also affected. |
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Term
Why does having more than one X chromosome not usually result in physical or medical problems? |
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Definition
Because only one X chromosome is normally active. |
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Most cases of Kleinfelter's syndrome is caused by.. |
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Definition
nondisjunction during meiosis |
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Definition
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Definition
Tendency toward being overweight, tall, and within a normal range of intelligence. They make more estrogen and less testosterone and thus have feminized traits. |
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Definition
Adults tend to be taller than average and have mild mental impairment, but more are otherwise normal. |
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Term
Why are some organisms ideal for genetic analysis? |
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Definition
They have few chromosomes, and reproduce fast in small spaces under controlled conditions. |
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Definition
A standardized chart of genetic connection |
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Definition
A specific set of symptoms caused by a genetic disorder |
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Term
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Definition
In this diagnostic procedure, a physician uses a syringe to withdraw a small sample of fluid from the amniotic cavity |
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Term
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Definition
A diagnostic procedure similiar to amniocentesis. A physical withdraws a few cells from the chorion. Can be done as early as 8 weeks into pregnancy |
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Definition
This procedure uses an endoscope, a fiber-optic device, to directly visualize and photograph the fetus, umbilical cord, and placenta with high resolution |
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Term
Risks associated with amniocentesis, Chorionic villi sampling, and fetoscopy |
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Definition
Punctures or infections. The amnion might not reseal itself quickly, and fluid may leak out of the amniotic cavity |
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Term
Amniocentesis and CVS risks to a fetus. |
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Definition
Amniocentesis increases the risk of miscarriage by 1 to 2 percent. CVS occasionally deisrupts the placent's development and thus causes underdeveloped or missing fingers and toes in .3 percent of newborns. |
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Term
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Definition
Surgery, prescription drugs, hormone replacement therapy, and often dietary controls can minimize and in some cases eliminate the symptoms of many genetic disorders. |
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Definition
All offspring have the same form of the trait as the parent(s) generation after generation. |
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Definition
A method of determining genotype. An individual of unknown genotype is crossed with one that is known to be homozygous recessive. |
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Definition
Testcrosses that check for a dominance relationship between two alleles at a single locus. Individuals with different allels of a gene are crossed (or self-fertilized); traits of the offspring of such a cross may indicate whether one of the alleles is dominant over the other. |
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Term
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Definition
This law states that genes are sorted into gametes independently of other genes. (Although genes that are close are more likely to stay together during crossover) |
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Term
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Definition
Two nonidentical alleles of a gene are both fully expressed in heterozygotes so neither is dominant or recessive |
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Term
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Definition
When three or more alleles of a gene persist among individuals of a population |
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Definition
One allele of a pair is not fully dominant over its partner, so the heterozygote's phenotype is somewhere between the two homozygotes |
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Term
An example of incomplete dominance |
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Definition
Red Snapdragons + White Snapdragons = Pink Snap Dragons |
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Term
An example for Codominance |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
When one gene product suppresses the effect of another, so the resulting phenotype is somewhat unexpected. |
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Term
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Definition
The Combs of Chickens. Labrador Retriever Coat Color. |
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Term
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Definition
When one gene influences multiple traits. |
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Term
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Definition
Mutations in the fibrillin gene cause this genetic disorder in which tissues form with defective fibrillin or none at all. |
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Term
Why is Marfan Syndrome difficult to diagnose? |
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Definition
Because affected people are often tall, thin, and loose-jointed. These same traits are found in perfectly health individuals. |
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Definition
All genes on one chromosome |
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Term
How many linkage groups do humans have? |
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Definition
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Term
What heat-sensitive enzyme affects the coat color of Siamese cats? |
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Definition
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Definition
An outcome of polygenic inheritance, in which multiple multiple genes affect a single trait. |
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An example of continuous variation |
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Definition
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