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Test 4 Basics Pedi
Test 4 Basics Pedi
98
Medical
Graduate
04/26/2015

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Term
Pediatric CO is dependent on?
Definition
HR. B/c sv is fixed
Term
what is different about infant respiratory muscles
Definition

they have less Type I muscle fibers which are high oxidative. So they fatigue easily

Slow twitch fibers are referred to as "slow twitch oxidative". Type I fibers are characterized by low force/power/speed production and high endurance,

Term
having less type I high oxidative resp muscle fibers predisposes the infant to
Definition
apnea
Term
when you're listening to your pedi airway and has ETT they should have an audible leak at what ___cm H20
Definition
16 cm H20
Term
Without an audible leak on the ETT the pediatric is 10x more likely to develop what post extubation
Definition
croup
Term
what is the capillary bed perfusion pressure? Why is this important in the child's airway and how does this relate to the cuff pressure
Definition
capillary bed pressure is 25 mmHg. So if you don't have an audible leak at 16 cm of H20 then your tube is too big or cuff inflated too much.
Term
which child age group are obligate nose breathers
Definition
infants
Term
when do pediatrics undergo airway changes?
Definition
at puberty due to hormones
Term
what is choanal atresia
Definition
when tissue obstructs the nares. This is very dangerous because infants are obligate nose breathers
Term
list risk factors for post extubation croup
Definition
1. polonged surgery
2. repeated ETT attempts
3. large ETT
4. head/neck surgery
5. increase ETT movement
Term
what is the treatment for post-op croup
Definition
racemic epi
Term
why is stroke volume fixed in infant
Definition
b/c non-compliant LV
Term
why are babies/infants known as vagal animals
Definition
b/c their pns is fully developed at birth but their SNS is not so PNS > SNS
Term
How long does it take for the SNS to develop
Definition
develops during first 6 weeks of life/. Therefore new borns have a poor ability to adapt to changing pressures. Also their baroreceptors are not fully developed.
Term
why are infants more likely to devleop jaundice
Definition
b/c they have immature livers which are not good at conjugation reactions. So if RBC are destroyed at higher rates they can't keep up and the baby becomes orange color.
Term
increase bilirubin levels will result in what condition in infants and can also caused what
Definition
increases bilirubine will lead to kernicterus and cause retardation
Term
how do you treat kernicterus
Definition
photoherapy/hydration, if extreme then exchange transfusions
Term
the first fontanel to close are
Definition
posterior and anterolateral close within 2 months
Term
the last fontanel to close is
Definition
posterolateral at 2 years
Term
hematopoieses occurs where in the newborn then switches when
Definition
occurs in the liver initially and switches to bone marrow by 6 weeks.
Term
What is a physiolhttp://www.flashcardmachine.com/my-flashcards/quick-editor.cgi#ogic nadir
Definition
Describes the switch in Hb from fetal to adult version by 4-6 months. Is associated with a transient decrease in Hb levels.
Term
what is the EBV of a premie
Definition
90 mL/kg
Term
what is the EBV for a full term infant (<1y/o)
Definition
80 mL/kg
Term
what is the EBV for a child before puberty
Definition
75 mL/kg
Term
why does a new born have such a high HCT
Definition
because they need a high HCT to offset the tendancy of the fetal Hb to left shift and hold onto O2. Which means less for tissues. And now that they don't have placental supply they have higher O2 demands cause they need to make it themselves. So left shift not ideal. They need to get by until nadir physiological shift occurs.
Term
hematopoieses occurs where in the newborn then switches when
Definition
occurs in the liver initially and switches to bone marrow by 6 weeks.
Term
What is a physiologic nadir
Definition
Describes the switch in Hb from fetal to adult version by 4-6 months. Is associated with a transient decrease in Hb levels.
Term
what is the EBV of a premie
Definition
90 mL/kg
Term
what is the EBV for a full term infant (<1y/o)
Definition
80 mL/kg
Term
what is the EBV for a child before puberty
Definition
75 mL/kg
Term
why does a new born have such a high HCT
Definition
because they need a high HCT to offset the tendancy of the fetal Hb to left shift and hold onto O2. Which means less for tissues. And now that they don't have placental supply they have higher O2 demands cause they need to make it themselves. So left shift not ideal. They need to get by until nadir physiological shift occurs.
Term
why are neonates resistant to sux effects
Definition
becaues of LARGE VOD
Term
what local is not well metabolized by the pediatric population
Definition
mepivcaine
Term
what kind of delierum is common in pedi
Definition
emergence delerium
Term
what kind of shunt has little effect on inhalation induction time
Definition
L to R shunts
Term
What kind of shunt has significant delays on IV induction
Definition
Left to right shunt
Term
what kind of shunt has a large effect and delay on inhalation induction medications
Definition
Right to left
Term
what characteristics of a pediatric patient makes them more at risk for hypothermia intraoperative
Definition
1. large BSA
2. little SUB Q fat
3. Inability to shiver
4. Immature hypothalamic temperature regulation
Term
how doe infants ect produce heat if they can't shiver
Definition
thermogenesis via brown fat reserve breakdown
Term
what happens to the circulatory system if baby is very hypothermic
Definition
baby will return to a fetal circulation due to acidosis or high SVR. Remember baby will increase CO for thermogenesis from 10% of CO to 75%. That means less O2 and CO for other areas of the body. Therefore lactic acidosis and anaerobic metabolism begins.
Term
what percentage of CO goes to thermogenesis of brown fat during
1. normothermia
2. hypothermia
Definition
1. Normothermia: 10% of CO
2. Hypothermia: 75% of CO
Term
hypothermia results in these pathological changes to the newborn/pedi
Definition
1. INCREASE O2 consupmption
2. hypercapnia
3. hypoxia
4. acidosis
5. hypoglycemia
= Increase pulmonary resistance and R-L shunt
Term
The eventualy cardiac/pulmonary change in the pedi form hypothermia is what kind of shunt
Definition
Right to left shunt due to vasoconstriction of pulmonary and systemic But also increase hypoxic constriction of pulmonary due to high metabolism needs of thermogenesis and dilution of O2 by excess CO2 byproducts.
Term
the biggest concern for a pedi patient with a URI is
Definition
bronchospasticity
1. larygnospasms
2. croup
Term
hyperactivity after a URI in a pedi patient can linger for how long after is subsides
Definition
hyperactivity remains 2-4 weeks after
pulmonary changes remain 4-7 weeks after
Term
To diagnose a URI pt must have 2x of the following:
Definition
1. sore/scratchy throat
2. sneezing
3. rhinorrhea
4. congestion
5. malaise
6. non-productive cough
7. temp > 38.5
8. laryngitis
Term
name three phases of URI
Definition
1. onset
2. active
3. resolution
Term
the kid last drank orange juice with pulp. how long must they wiat until surgery
Definition
6 hours!!!
Term
is aspiration common in the pedi population
Definition
NO - rare
Term
how long must kid wait if breast milk was last taken
Definition
4 hours
Term
neonates glycogen stores are ___ to adults
Definition
SMALLER
Term
list pediatric patients who are prone to hypoglycemia
Definition
1. premature infants 2. neonates 3. infants of diabetic mothers 4. IUGR intrauterine growth restricted / SGA small for gestation age 5. Chronically ill infants/children 6. Extensive preop fasting
Term
most common cause for a surgical emergency in the pedi population is from
Definition
foreign body aspiration
Term
Name 6x surgical emergencies
Definition
1. trache-esophageal fistual 2. ophalocele 3. gastroschisis 4. pyloric stenosis 5. congenital diaphragmatic hernia 6. necrotizing enterocolitis  7. Foreign body aspiration
Term
most common type of tracheoesophageal fistual is; describe it
Definition

Type IIIB: Characteristics as followed:

1. upper esophageal atresia with no communication to trachea. So esophagus from mouth goes to a dead end.

2. But the distal esophagus from the stomach communicates to trachea slightly above the carina (90%)

Term
what anesthesia considerations will you need to know for type IIIB tracheo-esophageal fisula case
Definition
the communication of the esophagus is with its lower segment attached to the stomach and communicating just above the carina. So place ETT so that the tube is past the fistual but above the carina.
* Expect lg amt of secretions
*No + pressure ventilation
* Awake intubation
Term
Tracheo-esophageal fistula has what sx.
Most common complication?
Definition
1. coughing / choking
2. gastric distension with respirations
3. aspiration PNA **
4. pulmonary complications **
5. large amount of oral secretions
Term
is gastroschisis or omphaolocele more common
Definition
omphalocele more common 1:5000 births while gastrochisis is 1:15,000 births
Term
is gastroschisis or omphaolocele associated with cardiac abnormalities
Definition
Omphalocele
Term
What does VACTERL syndrome stand for
Definition

VACTERL Syndrome The VACTERL association (also VATER association) refers to the non-random co-occurrence of birth defects The reason it is called an association, rather than a syndrome is that while the complications are not pathogenically related they tend to occur together more frequently than expected by chance

 

V: Vertebral Defects (Spina bifida) A: Anal anomaly (usually imperforate) C: Cardiac defect (usually VSD) TE: Tracheo Esophageal fistula or Esophageal atresia R: Radial or Renal dysplasia L: Limb deformities

Term
does gastrochisis surgery need an awake intubation
Definition
no
Term
is gastroschisis or omphaolocele have a larger insensible loss
Definition
gastroschisis
Term
Describe signs and symptoms of pyloric stenosis, what labs can you expect
Definition
In 3-6 weeks post partum neonate will develop non-bilious projectile vomiting after meals b/c of stenotic pylorus.

Labs
1. hypochloremic
AND
2. hypokalemic metaoblic alkalosis
3. dehydration
Term
Name three surgical emergencies that need an awake intubation
Definition
1. trachea-esophageal fistula
2. pyloric stenosis
3. diaphragmatic hernia
Term
what airway / respiratory concerns would you have with a child who has pyloric stenosis.
Definition
due to their metabolic alkalosis from constant vomiting and loss of Cl and K ions. The patient may compensate with hypoventilation to increase CO2. So be very careful with pain meds since their autoregulation has changed.
Term
congenital diaphragmatic hernia is most common on what side of the body
Definition
left 90%
Term
the diaphragmatic hernia most commonly enters what area into lung
Definition
on left side it enters the foramen of botulek
Term
why do we deliver diaphragmatic hernia patients via c-section
Definition
b/c we dont want the high pressures exerted on the fetus during passage through the pelvis since this may increase the hernia and bowel cephald.
Term
If patient has congenital diaphragmatic hernia what should you consider for their surgircal preop
Definition
1. No BAG mask
2. awake intubation
3. no N2O
4. limit PIP to 28cm H20
Term
which surgical emergency in kids may require ECMO
Definition
diaphragmatic hernia since associated with lots of other problems.
Term
what diagnostic finding would indicate necrotizing enterocolitis
Definition

pnumatosis interstinalis on KUB

 

s a radiological sign which is highly suggestive for necrotizing enterocolitis. Pneumatosis intestinalis refers to gas cysts in the bowel wall.[1] This is in contrast to gas in the intestinal lumen. The air is produced by bacteria in the bowel wall. 

Term
necrotizing enterocolitis is mostly seen in what age pedi and from what
Definition

in preemies 2nd to mucosal ischemic injury from PDA or bacterial etiology

 

So patent ductus arteriosus results in a right to left shunt and deoxygenated blood entering neonates systemic circulation and causing ischemic injury to the mesenteric system. 

Term
if surgical ligation is needed to fix a patent ductus arteriosus what two surgical complications are possible with this surgery.
Definition

1. left sided recurrent nerve injury #1 risk injury

2. also worry about aortic artery auvlsion

Term
whats the difference between the meningeocele and myelomeningeocele
Definition
menigeocele contians meninges only while myelomeningeocele contains neural tissue + meninges
Term
what are the associated Sx with myelomeningeoceles
Definition
1. club foot
2. hydrocephalus **
3. dislocated hips
4. klippel-Feil syndrome
5. cardiac defects
6. GU defects
7. Latex allergy
Term
what allergy is closely associated with myelomeningeocele
Definition
latex allergies
Term
to operate on a pedi patient they should be at least how old after birth
Definition
> 46 weeks post CONCEPTUAL AGE
Term
what kind of monitoring do pediatric patients need
Definition
24 hour post op cardio/pulmonary monitoring needed
Term
what does the EXIT procedure stand for? What's it used for
Definition

EXIT Ex-Utero I: Intrapartum T: Therapy Used for when we know there is airway compromise pre=op.

 

So if baby can't breath or management airway and they know this, then they will pop baby's head and neck out of C-section just long enough to create an airway surgically before they baby is fully delviered and the cord clamped.

Term
bulging, tense fontanelle indicates
Definition
increased ICP
from:
1. CNS infections
2. neoplastic disease
3. hydrocephalus
Term
an enlarged posterior fontanelle may be present from
Definition
congenital hypothyroidism
Term
in croup is there a prolong inspiration or expiration
Definition
prolong inspiration
Term
is croup an upper or lower airway obstruction
Definition
upper
Term
describe some normal benign murmurs in infants/new borns
Definition
newborns can have a transient soft, ejection murmur in the left upper sternal border due to a closing ductus.
Term
most common benign heart murmur in childhood is
Definition
a still murmur. It is muscial and early mid-systolic.
Term

When does the nadir of physiological anemia occur and what Hb levels should you expect in: 

1. Full-term infants

2. Premature infants 

Definition

At the nadir of the physiologic anemia in

1. full-term infants, hemoglobin levels may be as low as 9.5 to 10 Gm. per 100 ml. at 6 to 8 weeks of age,


2. premature infants 6 to 7 Gm. per 100 ml. at 3 to 7 weeks of age.

Term

Describe: 

1. Gestational Age

2. Conceptual Age

3. Corrected Age

 

Definition

1. Gestational Age: “Gestational age” (or “menstrual age”) is the time elapsed between the first day of the last normal menstrual period and the day of delivery


2. Conceptual Age: Time of conception (2 weeks after last period) + time since birth. 


3. Corrected Age: Corrected age” (or “adjusted age”) is a term most appropriately used to describe children up to 3 years of age who were born preterm Corrected age is calculated by subtracting the number of weeks born before 40 weeks of gestation from the chronological age. Therefore, a 24-month-old, former 28-week gestational age infant has a corrected age of 21 months according to the following equation:

[image]

Term
What is Kernicterus 
Definition
Kernicterus:  bilirubin-induced brain dysfunction. Bilirubin is a highly neurotoxic substance that may become elevated in the serum, a condition known as hyperbilirubinemia
Term
explain IUGR and SGA
Definition

SGA: is small for gestation age. Not all SGA babies are IUGR. 

2. IUGR: Intra-uterine growth restrctions. IS at times interchangable with SGA. But this one is pathological with poorer outcomes. 

Term

Klippel–Feil syndrome is? concerns for anesthesia include?

Definition
congenital fusion of any 2 of the 7 cervical vertebra. So limited range of motion in neck. The most common signs of the disorder are a short neck, low hairline at the back of the head, and restricted mobility of the upper spine. This syndrome is associated with numerous other congenital problems. 
Term
in neonates normal urine specific gravity is
Definition
In neonates, normal urine specific gravity is 1.003.. Its low because they have a very difficult time concentrating urine due to immature tulbuar cells 
Term
List causes of jaundice in kids
Definition

1. Increase RBC destruction

2. premature kids (under developed livers)

3. Drugs that compete with unconguated bilirubin for Albumin bidning (lasix, diazepam, sulfonamids)

Term
What IV solution can you use for maintenance that closely resembles body fluids
Definition
1. LR
2. 1/2 NS
Term
which GI issue is an emergency and you DO NOT BAG VALVE MASK
Definition
Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia. Awake intubation and Do not pre-bag b/c you do not want to cause gastric distension and further cephald movement of GI into thorax.
Term
necrotizing enterocolitis is found in what patient populations
Definition
1. preemeis and is a primary disease
2. Children as a result of Mucosal ischemic injury
Term
IF necrotizing enterocolitis is a 2nd etiology from ischemia then you know what two things are often culprits and put kids at greater risk
Definition
1. PDA
2. Bacterial etiology
Term
3x major s/e and concerns for a person with myelomeningeocele
Definition
1. risk for large amt of 3rd speacing
2. hypothermia
3. neural tissue damamge
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