Term
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Definition
| muscle fibers will contract maximally when stimulated |
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Term
| afferant (sensory) nerve cells |
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Definition
| relay sensory impulses to the CNS for interpretation |
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Term
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Definition
| receive electrical impulses that occur because of body movement are called proprioceptors. located in muscles, tendons, capsules, and ligaments. without them effective coordination in motor patterns would not occuur |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulated by motions of the body and in turn are responsible for transmitting a constant flow of information from these structures to the central nervous system. information from the receptors gives us sense of awareness of the body, limb positions, and provides us with automatic reflexes. |
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Term
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Definition
| predominately in the belly of the muscle, lying between and parallel to the muscle fibers. modified nerve fibers, when stretched send impulses to the CNS, which activates motor neuron innervating the muscles causing it to conract |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| ends of muscle spindles. afferent neuron and highly sensitive to change in length and and rate of change. |
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Term
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Definition
| located in the tendon of the muscle close to the muscle-tendon junction and is responsible for monitoring the tension in a muscle. generates a inhibitory signal when muscle is placed on prolonged stretch which is sent to the spinal cord via the axons of the GTO. |
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Term
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Definition
| defined as the terminal range of motion of a segment. |
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Term
| components that contribute to one flexibility or lack thereof |
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Definition
| joint structure, soft tissue, ligaments, physical length of muscle |
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Term
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Definition
| limits range of motion in some joints of the body and produce the termination or end point of the movement |
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Term
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Definition
| joint nears the end of ROM, soft tissue of one segment will be compressed by the soft tissue of the adjacent segment. |
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Term
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Definition
| restrict ROM and flexibility by bringing about maximal support to be the joint |
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Term
| physical length of muscle |
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Definition
| main factor influencing flexibility. genetics plays a role in flexibility of a person |
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Term
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Definition
| how you measure range of motion. axis or hinge point, placed even with axis of rotation at the joint line. both arms of device are held in place parallel to the long axis of the bones on either side of the joint. |
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Term
| proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation |
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Definition
| used to stimulate relaxation of the muscle being stretched so that the joint can be moved through a greater range of motion. incorporates various combination sequences using relaxation and contraction of the muscles being stretched |
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Term
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Definition
| structural units of the neurons and motor systems are the neuron and the muscle fibers. two systems combined form the neuromusclar system. |
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Term
| muscle that has a small ratio of muscle fibers compared to motor neurons |
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Definition
| is capable of more precise movements than is the muscle with a small number of motor neurons and a large number of muscle fibers. |
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Term
| graduation of contraction |
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Definition
| 2 factors: number of motor units that participate in the movement and the frequency of stiumlation |
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Term
| stimulus is of threshold value |
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Definition
| muscle fibers of the unit will contract maximally |
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Term
| stimulus is below threshold value |
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Definition
| none of the muscle fibers in the unit will contract. |
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Term
| stimuli is discharged at low frequency |
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Definition
| muscle will partially relax between impulses |
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Term
| stimuli is discharged at high frequency |
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Definition
| fibers will have insufficient time to relax and result in summation or maximal contraction |
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Term
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Definition
| tissue sheath that encloses each muscle fiber. protects the fiber, centralizes the pull of the fibers. creates passageways to allow blood vessels and nerves to move through a muscle |
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Term
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Definition
| tissue sheath that binds muscle fibers into bundles called fasciculus. bundles constitute a complete muscle. centralizes the pull of the muscle. protects the bundles. creates passageways to allow blood vessels and nerves to move through a muscle |
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Term
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Definition
| sheath encloses the entire muscle proper. protects and helps centralize pull of muscle. |
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Term
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Definition
| each muscle contains a combination that are categorizes as fast, slow and intermediate. |
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Term
| slow twitch or Type 1 muscle fibers |
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Definition
| found in higher quantities in the postural muscles of the body. red due to the high content of myoglobin in the muscle. larger number of mitochondria. surrounded by higher concentrations of myolobin than fast. |
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Term
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Definition
| have small number of mitochondria and contain less myoglobin. nerve impulses in the nerves that intervate |
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Term
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Definition
| contain biochemical and fatigue characteristics that are somewhat between fast and slow and tend to increase in characteristics of slow twitch or fast twitch depending on the type of training. |
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Term
| shape and arrangement of muscle |
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Definition
| determine whether a muscle is capable of generating large amounts of force or whether a muscle has good shortening ability |
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Term
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Definition
| arrangement consists of parallel muscle fibers that run the length of the muscle. known for the potential for high amounts of shortening. have longer muscles fiber lengths than its tendon lenght. |
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Term
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Definition
| with parallel fibers often inserting into or originating from an aponeurosis |
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Term
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Definition
| surround a body opening or ofifice |
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Definition
| long strap like muscle whose fibers lie parallel to its long axis |
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Definition
| four sided and usually flat |
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Term
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Definition
| flat muscle whose fibers radiate from a narrow insertion to a broad origin |
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Definition
| rounded muscle that tapers at either end. similar to longitudinal muscle |
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Term
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Definition
| feather shaped with muscle fibers that run diagonally to a tendon running the length of the muscle. muscle fibers are shorter and run diagonally into the tendon this creates a larger physiological cross section capable of producing a great amount of strength but are not capable of shortening through a large ROM |
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Term
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Definition
| muscle characterized by a series of short feather like fibers that extend diagonally from the side of a long tendon giving the muscle the appearance of a wing feather. |
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Term
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Definition
| muscle characterized by a long central tendon with the fibers extending diagonally in pairs from either side of the tendon. symmetrical tail feather |
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Term
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Definition
| fiber arrangement that is a combination of unipenniform and bipenniform |
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Term
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Definition
| latin word for draw together. |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs whenever the muscle fiber generates tension within them selves. muscle is shortening, lengthening, or remaining the same length. |
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Term
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Definition
| shortening. occurs when the tension generated by the muscle is sufficient to overcome a resistance and to move the body segment of one attachment toward the segment of its other attachment |
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Term
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Definition
| lengthening. when a muscle lengthens as it gives in to an external force that is greater than the contractile force it is exerting. muscle returns from its shortened position to its normal resting length |
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Term
| isometric or static contraction |
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Definition
| tension of the muscle in partial or complete contraction without any appreciable change in length |
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Term
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Definition
| defined maintaining a constant amount of resistive force throughout the range of motion of the movement. exercise does not involve the same fibers throughout a motion due to the change in joint angle. |
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Term
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Definition
| increased number of actin and myosin filaments in each muscle fiber. causes enlargement of individual fibers. |
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Term
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Definition
| incorporates muscular overload to rotate a lever arm at a fixed speed. achieves maximum tension production throughout entire ROM. |
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Term
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Definition
| consists of the muscle developing tension but no external change in joint position. only trains muscle at one angle. |
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Term
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Definition
| consists of rapidly stretching a muscle and immediately following with a concentric contraction of the same muscle. exercises improve power output in the muscle through the facilitation of the neurological input to the muscle and through the increased muscle tension generated in the elastic component of the muscle. |
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Term
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Definition
| movements of the body may be in the direction of gravitation forces. consider the direction and speed of the movement when identifying the nature of the muscular involvement in movements. |
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Term
| length-tension relationship |
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Definition
| when a muscle is on the correct amount of stretch it will exert maximal force. |
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Term
| force-velocity relationship |
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Definition
| as the speed of muscular contraction increases, the force it is able to exert decreases. velocity of contraction is maximal when the load is zero and load is maximal when velocity is zero. load increases, optimum rate decreases. |
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Term
| coordination of the muscular system |
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Definition
| effective purposeful movement of the body or any of its parts involves considerable muscular activity in addition to that of the muscles that are directly responsible for the movement itself. muscles must be stable base. bones or bones not engaged in the movement but providing attachment for one end of such muscles must be stabilized by other muscles. |
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Term
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Definition
| muscles have various roles. role depends on the requirements of the movement roles are: agonist, antagonist, synergists |
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Term
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Definition
| muscle that is directly responsible for producing a movement. two kinds: principle and assistane |
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Term
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Definition
| produce most of the force for movement |
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Term
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Definition
| help to perform a movement but are less important |
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Term
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Definition
| muscles that have an opposite effect to that of movers. acts as a brake at the completion of a movement in order to protect the joint. |
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Term
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Definition
| defined as a fixator, stabilizer, and supporting muscle. contract statically to steady or support some part body against the pull of contracting muscles, the pull of gravity, or any other force that interferes with the desired movement. act as neutralizer which act to prevent undesired movement |
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Term
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Definition
| actions are varied. relationship between muscle action is dependent on the relationship of its origin and its insertion to the joint its acts on. |
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Term
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Definition
| on in which the distance from the attacement to the stationary bone to the joint is great than the distance from its distal attachment to the moving bone to the joint. |
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Term
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Definition
| the distance from its attachment to the moving bone to the joint is greater than the distance from its attachment to the stationary bone to the joint. |
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Term
| action of biarticular muscles |
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Definition
| muscles that pass over and act on two joints. results in tension of one muscle being transferred to the other. |
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Term
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Definition
| seen in simultaneous extension and flexion of the hip and knee. |
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Term
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Definition
| produced by the subjects own muscular activity. |
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Term
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Definition
| tension could be maintained throughout the ROM but this would be and inefficient way of performing. |
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Term
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Definition
| no effort is required on the part of person involved. used during rehab to help circulate the synovial fluid. |
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Term
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Definition
1. weight bearing
2. gravity
3. muscular force
4. external forces |
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Term
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Definition
| presses the ends of the bones together. produced by weight bearing, muscles, and gravity. causes shortening and widening of the structure. |
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Term
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Definition
| pulls or stretches. tends to lengthen and narrow a structure. source is usually muscle. |
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Term
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Definition
| applied perpendicular to the structure. creates deformation parallel to the plane of the applied force. |
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Term
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Definition
| applied to an area not having direct support offered by the structure. When a bone is subject to a bending force on side will convex and the other side will concave |
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Term
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Definition
| force applied to a bone is a twisting force creating a shear force over the entire structure. |
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