Causation- what is the mechanisms?

Development- How the behavior develops?

Evolution: How the behavior evolved?

Function- What is the function or survival value of the behavior?

1)      Proximate- baby bird sees the object it follows it, and a mother bird sees the baby bird she feeds it.

Analogy- baby monkeys as they develop they change their coat color; humans heads are proportionately bigger then the rest of the body.

-          Baby’s eyes are the same size as adult eyes, ethnologists would make the argument that the adult human sees these eyes as a stimulus to have the adult show affection to the baby in the first place, and as the baby gets older the adult’s behavior begins to change.

-           Evolution is the ultimate cause, why did the baby bird follow the organism? How did that happen? It is an early kind of experience that all members of that species is going to learn, that now it got coded into the genes of that species, over evolution it got engrained in the idea and concept of natural selection for the species. All species had evolved over time.

-          THE FUNCTION OF IMPRINT IS HOW THE BIRD SURVIVES! If he doesn’t follow the bird most likely that bird will just die.

-          Function- Example) if a baby is blind and there is no visual function then how is it that the baby can open his eyes and look at the mother as if baby could see her, the eye contact is considered a stimulus of the mother, she the mother, or himself needs to attach themselves to the baby.

2)      ??????

Irenaus Eibl- Eibesfeldt

- He is interested in studying that there are things in life that you can learn without experience, and also only once learned.

- He is suggesting that potentially that we are born with inborn capabilities that do not necessarily need to be learned.

- Example) human who looks sad- it is universal and it is not constrained by a culture, with shows that we are all human. If all was learned through culture then that wouldn’t make sense, so it is true that we have some sense of inborn capabilities…..

- He actually extended the ethological perspective to humanssius

- Fitness- how a trait/ behavior/ contributes/survival/reproduction

Genetic fisher- produces a book called the genetic theory of natural selection (1930)

-          Uses the concept from Darwin’s concept of natural selection with a more scientific/ mathematical spin in it

-          He made the argument that he could in a population that he could have OPTIMAL FITTNESS, it is going to depend upon the environment.  Basically it means that we over time, over evolution, we

-          Integration of Genetics and Evolution: (Theodosius Dobzhansky)

-           Darwin’s Idea of races in humans: Races of human kinds, these people did not have a common ancestor that they were actually someone different species if you will, this was Darwin’s idea.

-          How do you know if two members of the same species have sex and reproduce? If yes then they are. But they are interrelating.

-          How do you defines a species? The species mate with that species, in 1930 this was a powerful definition because of Sally Hemming, because people that were of opposite race still can reproduce.

-          It broke the mythologies that have said that we evolved from other places. We evolved from the same place.

-          Kin selection/inclusive fitness partially explains altruism (example given was the bees)

-          Animals (including humans) have mechanism for determining degrees of relatedness.

-          Just for an example guys in the army/marines, would put your own individual self at risk to save your “brother,” because it is a natural instinct to save our kind.

-          Hamilton’s rule: Evolution shapes behavior to occur when cost is less then relatedness times the benefit ( implies gene level selection)

-          Why do you see people putting their own lives at risk for people who are not related to them? 1) Related to someone even if it is not a physical relationship, a stimulus. 2) kinship, human evolution humans evolved in small groups; this leads humans to be altruistic.

-          George Williams (1966)

-          Clarifies concept of “adaptation”

-          Selection occurs at individual/gene level, not at group level

-          Example) an alligator

-Reciprocal altruism

-Parental investment

                - Tradeoffs between parental care and reproduction

                -implies that sex with less parental investment will be less choosy

-          Rules of evolution can explain social behavior

-          Chapter on humans was controversial

-          Biological and genetic reductionism

-          He is going to make a very strange argument that humans have a genetic program to behave in social ways. It is part of natural selection, he makes the argument that the genes are coded into the humans over evolution through natural selection with genes.

-           He is writing a book that it is standard social model that was hugely controversial regarding sex, and what men and women wanted when it came to sex.

-          Called to arms/beating of the drums….???lol

-          Stylized art of war is the same, you create the out group, the solidarity, the in group, we stylize it, humans are coded that is the way humans do business….

Environment of evolutionary adaptation (EEA)

Current environment is different than the one in which humans evolved

The human mind has evolved over a billion years, humans have creates this thing called civilization which was roughly designed but there is still no evidence, we have a modern skull with a stone age brain only because our instincts have no changed. The human brain has evolved and  the human brain is smaller.

B. Fossil Record in Earth’s Rock Strata

     1.  James Hutton and Charles Lyell     (modern geology)

In the 1790s,James Hutton (1726–1797) had argued that the Earth was transformed not by unimaginable catastrophes but by imperceptibly slow changes, many of which we can see around us today. Rain erodes mountains, while molten rock pushes up to create new ones. The eroded sediments form into layers of rock, which can later be lifted above sea level, tilted by the force of the uprising rock, and eroded away again. These changes are tiny, but with enough time they could produce vast changes. Hutton therefore argued that the Earth was vastly old — a sort of perpetual-motion machine passing through regular cycles of destruction and rebuilding that made the planet suitable for mankind.

Charles Lyle (1797-1875)showed that the fossils in the Earth’s strata did not appear ‘all at once as immutable (unchanging) forms’ as predicted by the Hebrew Torah (Genesis). Rather, fossils appeared in ‘layers’ - coming into existence at different geologic times and most becoming extinct and disappearing. This was Darwin’s strongest fossil evidence in 1859.

El Capitan reef: Guadalupe Mountains National Park, the 8^th highest point in Texas Lat/Lon: 31.87700°N / 104.858°W  Elevation: 8085 ft  Guadelupe Peak (14,13)is highest at 8,749 ft.

El Capitan is composed of Capitan Limestone, which is the Permian-aged limestone reef deposit. A reef is a submerged resistant mound or ridge formed by the accumulation of plant and animal skeletons. The Capitan Limestone is a massive, fine-grained fossiliferous limestone that formed by growth and accumulation of invertebrate skeleton of algae, sponges, and tiny colonial animals called bryozoans. 

These skeletons were stabilized by encrusting organisms that grew over and cemented the solid reef rock, unlike modern reefs built by mainly a rigid framework of corals. These exposures present one of the finest cross-sections of rocks in the world, showing transitions from shallow-water deposits to deep-water deposits. Abrupt changes in rock types are caused by this change in depth from shallow submerged areas to the deep waters of the Permian Sea. Some two miles of Permian strata are exposed in and adjacent to the Guadalupe Mountains due to faulting which uplifted this section through the ancient fossil reef.http://www.nps.gov/gumo/naturescience/geologicformations.htm

1.  The “Cambrian Problem” – for Darwin’s theory, there is a continuity of species. However, in Darwin’s day, the was a gap in fossils records – there were no life form fossils below the Cambrian strata (about 240 million years ago)  but there was an explosion of many different life forms during the Cambrian strata.  The ‘something from nothing’ was not consistent with Darwin’s theme of Gradualism/Continuity of Species’.  In the 1990’s geologists did discover traces of primitive life form fossils in strata before the Cambrian, supporting Darwin’s idea of gradual continuity of species evolution.  However, in 1859, the seeming lack of life forms before the Cambrian Explosion was troubling to Darwinists.

    2. The ‘Transitional Forms’ Problem. Dariwn’s theory predicted that the fossil record should show some evidence of ‘Transitional forms’ e.g.,  in humans, the so-called “Missing Link” between modern Homo Sapiens and earlier ancestral forms of hominid primate.   In 1859, there was no evidence of the intermediate form Archeopteryx -1861  the first ‘transitional form’ was found 2 years after ‘Origin of Species’ publication. It had the wings and feathers of a bird, but the skeletal structure of a reptile (now known to be dinosaur). Since 1861, a multitude of intermediate forms have been discovered, but for 30 years the sole, original Archeopteryx fossil was Darwin’s only evidence of the transition he predicted.  For example, in ‘Origin’ – Darwin predicted that fossils would be found showing the transition of whales from 4 legged land mammal. In the 1990’s the transitional forms were found in Pakistan Mountains – showing the transition and morphing of a deer like mammal into both modern whale and hippopotamus.

3. The Altruism Problem.  Why do certain animals engage in self-sacrifice for other members of their species – e.g., honeybees?  How could natural selection operate to produce a behavior that cannot be adaptive for the individual altruist. Darwin suggested some possible group selection mechanism… it benefits the altruist’ s group, but was not satisfied that he had a complete answer.

 In 2010, E.O. Wilson concluded that altruism can be explained by natural selection The evolution of eusociality. Martin A. Nowak, Corina E. Tarnita& Edward O. Wilson: “Eusociality, in which some individuals reduce their own lifetime reproductive potential to raise the offspring of others, underlies the most advanced forms of social organization and the ecologically dominant role of social insects and humans. For the past four decades kin selection theory, based on the concept of inclusive fitness, has been the major theoretical attempt to explain the evolution of eusociality. Here we show the limitations of this approach. We argue that standard natural selection theory in the context of precise models of population structure represents a simpler and superior approach,allows the evaluation of multiple competing hypotheses, and provides an exact framework for interpreting empirical observations.”

C.   Continuity of Species & Comparative Analyses of early human development

Darwin also considered human species-specific behaviors (those unique to our species) as distinct, but having evolved from ancestral primate forms. Here are some examples:

 Imitation – Newborn humans will imitate facial motions (tongue protrusions; eyebrow  raising) and arm motions one hr. after birth!

In the 20^th century, we can add human social attachment processes are rather similar to non-     human primates (Harlow’s monkey studies, 1958; Bowlby & Ainsworth secure-insecure human   attachment studies, 1970’s.

D. Darwin also considered aspects of human behavioral evolution that originated in earlier rudimentary forms in non-humans, but are transformed into unique and highly species-specific behaviors.  Here are some examples:

A. Human Walking/Step reflex (chimps are knuckle-walkers, but will show bipedal walking in      short spurts; Human swim ‘reflex’

A.  Human Face Preferences - Fantz’s newborns showed preferences for looking at human facial             figures over bullseye patterns, checkerboards and ‘scrambled’ human faces. Later, Kagan     (1970’s) reanalyzed the Fantz data, showing that female babies (90% human face preference            were the ones producing the significant differences in face looking preferences, human male             babies showed chance looking preferences (about 50-50 face/non-face). 

                B. Human Smiling reflex (can be seen in third trimester fetuses) – chimps will also ‘smile’.

C. Mirror self-recognition – appears in normal human toddlers by 24 months; also shown in         Great Apes (chimps. gorillas, orangutans) & dolphins but… not present in  other life forms,    not even monkeys), EXCEPT RAVENS!

LANGUAGE

Chomsky’s ‘LAD’ language acquisition device human language is more genetic than learned – 

1. Evidence: the universal sequence of language acquisition in the first 3 years of life     (crying,                 cooing, babbling, patterned speech, holophrase, 2-word utterances, to complex grammar).

 2.  Evidence: Humans infants’ language comprehension far exceeds their language                                          production. How could babies understand many words before they are ever able to                                       speak them???? –  Explanation - OUR GENES are programmed that way.

 E.  Morality – shown in early human toddler helping behaviors & reciprocity behaviors not           shown in non-human primates.

• He is very influential in this time period, he was Darwin’s
• He made is life goal to finish the work of Darwin, he went from the natural selection idea to the actual animal mind
• He is considered the founder of comparative psychology, this is where Darwin left off in his findings; than George takes off from that point.
• Used the old pyramid of a life approach to guide his research that animal minds are evolving TOWARD the human mind (evolution has a plan of progress- teleology approach)
• This is what actually is happening: Darwin uses the tree of life, and he wrote origin before the American civil war
• Darwin himself, is going to say that the races of our species evolved independently, he rejected slavery, and he rejects that on moral standards, but today he would be considered a racist, because all the other cultures in the world, are aspiring to be the best culture which is European culture…
• Romanoes is going to use the anecdotal method- see the video for examples:

Why does the bird behave like that?

• Because the bird is aspiring to be a human.
• He collects stories about animals and animal intelligence and that it is what he publishes in his book…….it was straight observation of what he saw…..
• It is just anecdotes of his own making and what others have given as well, was his protache to Darwin.
•  
• Antheroemorphisism- he keeps on tying (characterizing) animals to have human characteristics
• Beaver- human dam building behavior….
• Cats the way they find their way home is how humans will create the navigation systems that we have….

different evolution history and mental cognitive evolution

example of this is (Anthropomorphism)

Jacques Loeb- The comparison of animal behaviors

• -          What should be the core subject for psychology?
• -          Asked if the mind even necessary to observe, describe and predict the behavior of animals.
• -          Used a theory of animal tropisms as his approach
• -          Predated Thorndike, Pavlov, Watson, and Skinner as: Behaviorists- “behavior is the core of modern psychology”
• -          Plants- learned behavior- beyond stimulus behavior
• -          Plants tropism- photo trophism, plants leaning more towards the light.
• -          Cognition and thought is the fundamental thought of behavior and “….”
• -          Behavior is not controlled by mind but it controlled by external stimulant
• -          Plants behave to specific stimuli and his argument is simply a metaphor is a plant can’t perform to a stimulus can’t you do this to animals, to where you can actually predict, and control the behavior of animals.
• -          He is controlling their behavior with external stimuli not controlling their thoughts, he has something that actually does it outside of the animal.
• -          Modern psych has yet to b born and rome and lobe set the stage……for it,
• -          It matters not that my neighbor belives in one god, many gods or no god at all so long as my neighbor picks my cock, or breaks my bone---- basically he is trying to take the position ofmodern pysch, this is Thomas Jefferson…
• -          William James-
• -          The greater American psychologist- the greatest, and in this book of principles of psychology, and he in 1890 established areas of study for 20^th century, he sets the stage for EVERYTHING THAT’S IN PSYCH intro book
• -          Prior to being a psychologist he was a philosopher….
• -          What is the function of this? How does it work? What good does it do to the person or the organism?
• -          Darwin gives us a general adaption for life
• -          And James gives us a general adaptaion for the orgin of psych.
• -          He attempt is to include cognition, very interested in thinking and thought and he is going to develop the course of modern psych. And his background is based soley on Darwin
• -          He poses this question- does human mind or consciousness matter in psychology?
• -          Suppose u have a sweetheart and yal both love eachother, james asks, one day u discover that your sweetheart is not here, that this human is like a perfect replicate of a machine…..what if this wasn’t a revelation? Real or not real person, would it matter?

The difference between Freud and Harlow: Freud did say that the baby needs its mother because simply the baby needs food.

• If you don’t have contact comfort the odds are that you will surely die too.
• Harry Harlow’s primate contact comfort:
• He has baby monkeys and has them raised by both wire and terry cloth (surrogates/ substitutes)
• Wire surrogate provided food-
• Cloth surrogate that allowed infants to cling- contact comfort
•  Harlow’s operation def. of mother love
• Which comforts infant in the strange situation? Which does infant seek when exposed to a fear stimulus?
• Regardless of whether they were fed or not all of the monkeys came attached to the cloth monkey for comfort contact.
• The babies don’t even want to be around the wire monkey
• This gas given us insight to human affection, and harlow pioneered the idea of primate love, and choose to study the first stage of emotional development the bond between mother and infant…… artificial mother really….attractions of infant to mother: texture (terry cloth), they like rocking monkey over stillness, and warmth over coldness.

• Present the monkey with a both mother monkeys: it is obvious that the monkey is stressed out because it is in a lab. Wire mother he didn’t care at all, even with food coming no attachment bond. Baby monkey, never has been fed by the cloth monkey, but immediate reaction to the monkey with cloth, the baby monkey clings on very quickly.
• The mother does become the base of the environmental situation, because the monkey is able to feel safe and confident now that the mother is around.
•  Another way that Harlow measures attachment: he frightens the baby with a mechanical robot; operational definition of attachment, the baby runs to the cloth monkey even though the cloth monkey did not feed it.
• The emotional bond will sustain her until she enters the next stage in growth…..

John Boulding studies human interest in the mother and baby relation in regards to:

• Care giver is going to have a great influence on epigenisis, and it is some aspect of the individual that is a combination of genetic factors.
• If you have a mature attachment bond early on it is actually going to effect the kind of genes that you turn on and off asyou mature
• You can all start off with the same genes, but y’all are both brought up in different ways that is monumental consequences. 

Tell me about the importance of a particular fossil the archaeopteryx? Tell me everything about it?

What were the reasons that Darwin took so long to publish, and when he did publish what was his strongest evidence for his theory?

Names: Timberglen, what two studies did he do, they are both in book and in lecture, both have to do with geese, halk and goose study, and goose egg roll story.

1) brain is soft organ, you don’t have a single palthoific brain to study

2) shw me in the fossile record evidence of cognition and thinking and we affirm behaviors and maybe thinking in animals and what they have left behind, maybe your thoughts go to to heaven after your dead, but that is not what is buried with you…..sooooo……

Charles Darwin, tell me what Darwin and literally everybody in Anglo Saxon English in other societies, what did they believe in the racism in other cultures and societies?

Question: Darwin discovered what on the Galapagos Islands? (three things)

Answer: 1) A large variety of flora and fauna found nowhere else in the world.

              2) A species of bird that varied in appearance from island to island

              3) Different plants and animals occupying identical habitats on the east and west sides of an island.

Where: Chapter 2, Page 49

Question: 25. Sigmund Freud incorporated Darwin’s emphasis on instinct into his work, but he emphasized _____ over _____.

Answer: Sexual selection, natural selection

Where: Ch 2, pg. 61

Question: Jung referred to the universal patterns of thought that are available to all humans as...? 

Answer: Archetypes, archetypes took place on a more psychic level and represented ways in which our brain organizes particular perceptions and our responses to events. 

Where: Chapter 2, Page 63

48. Newton suggested that the same forces that cause rocks to fall to the earth in England will also cause rocks to fall in Africa or Asia; this is an example of the scientific principle of _____. Parsimony

Pg.42 second paragraph

49. Organisms may retain previous physiology that is neither adaptive nor functional

These are called vestigial structures

page 45

Question:32. The _____ not only helps us understand critical mechanisms involved in behavior and experience, it also gives us valuable perspectives on how insights into how those processes came about.

Message Title: Portillo, Isaiah (#33) 
Message Posted On: Sep 9, 2014 12:38 PM

33. ETHOLOGY is the study of animals and what they do; it involves the naturalistic observation of behavior in an organism’s natural environment.

Message Title: GonzalezY#14
Message Posted On: Sep 9, 2014 12:10 PM

Chapter 2 Question 14

Darwin's thinking began with the assumption that:

Answer: heritable variations can and do occur in nature.

page #50

Message Title: Tran, L #43
Message Posted On: Sep 8, 2014 2:01 PM

In response to those who said humans were different from other animals in that they lacked instincts, James replied, "Man has a far greater variety of impulses than lower animal."

Pg.65

Question: #9 What is the significance of imprinting and later sexual attraction in many bird species?

Answer: Imprinting causes the rhythmic repetitive actions of habits specific to a species that attracts mates of that same species for sexual reproduction.

Where: Chapter 1 Page 7, 8, 14

Message Title: Carter L. #9
Message Posted On: Sep 7, 2014 3:58 PM

Question: #9 The structure of DNA in chimpanzees and humans is about_____% the same.

Answer: 97%

Where: Chapter 3 Page 86

– a Dutch naturalist, Tinbergen performed nature studies and well controlled studies about animal behavior. He is most famous for his (a) nature study of Kittihawke sea gulls, showing how the environment determines social behaviors,    (b) most important, Tinbergen identifies and defines three animal behavior processes

                    1. Fixed Action Pattern – an species-specific behavior that must go to completion once   sensory-motor neurons are activated (example a hawk who extends talons but misses the prey –    the hawk will take the motor action to completion ‘as if it had caught the prey’)

                   2. Sign Stimuli – an environmental stimulus that releases ‘innate’ species-specific       behaviors 3Examples – aggression in the male 3-spined stickleback & their courtship rituals

                   3. Supernormal stimuli – exaggerated signs are more effective than natural-sized ones 

                   4. Relational Character of Sign-stimuli – See video – herring gull baby birds do not just peck at a red spot on the parent’s beak for food, the relation of colors/size are important.

Founded ‘human ethology’ at Max Planck Institute.  Examples of his research: 

          1. Eibl’s early animal behaviorist, examined  instinct- learned relations for squirrels cracking nuts

          2. Eibl’s early research showing that blind-deaf infants show same facial expressions to specific   stimuli as non-sensory deprived infants/children (how can they learn to ‘imitate ‘ facial displays if they are blind & deaf?)

          3.  Eibl’s classic field studies of the human eyebrow flash – a universal signal of friendly greeting.

          4. later (2000), Eibl has turned his attention to human love, hate, tribalism, inter-group conflict       (war) and the means to reduce inter-group conflict

ETHOLOGY (FROM CLASS/VIDEO ONLY) – Ethology initially meant the ’study of character’ implying that people with different race compositions have ‘different character’. However, in modern times Ethology means study of the ‘biology of behavior’.  

– analysis and function of stereotyped, species specific water-fowl mating rituals

             Huxley coined the term RITUALIZATION to describe why & how the intricate courtship ‘dance’ displays of water fowl become ‘stamped in, as a marker of species’ 

you have a hawk and a goose

a card board box to create a responce in the goose whom have never had their mother around from birth

The hawk looking object creates an EXTREME fear responce where it craps its self. But, they are ok with the one that looks like goose, even though they never saw a goose.

The genetic complex mechanism of the Genome, they have never seen their real mother but the hawk is creator for intesive fear.