Term
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Definition
| Hydrocele referred to as fluid accumulation in the tunica vaginalis |
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Term
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Definition
| Two layers: mesothelial lined capsule forms tunica albuginea and outer loose peritoneal sac forms tunica vaginalis |
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Term
| What connects Seminiferous tubules to epididymis and what's the function of Epid? |
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Definition
| Rete testis and efferent ductules connect seminiferous tubules to epididymis - where sperm acquire motility. |
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Term
| QUIZ: sertoli only syndrome |
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Definition
| Germ cell aplasia (e.g. gonadatrophin deficiency, QUIZ: cryptorchidism, estrogen therapy, and chemotherapy), very important for path to dx, ONLY SERTOLI CELLS! NO GERM CELLS! Common cause is cryptorchidism |
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Term
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Definition
| Maturation arrest-maturation to a certain point in spermatogenesis beyond which no more advanced elements are identified-Nonspecific etiology, only see primary spermatogonia |
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Term
| signs of hypospermatogenesis? |
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Definition
| Hypospermatogenesis-altered hormonal states, heat, varicocele (tortuous veins)! or nonspecific, reduced # of Sperm cells |
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Term
| causes of the very common epididymitis? |
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Definition
| Chlamydia trachomatis , Neisseria gonorrhoeae most common |
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Term
| post-pubertal Mumps can result in what condition? |
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Definition
Orchitis: also caused by Bacterial: E.Coli, Klebsiella, staphylococcus, streptococci, Pseudomonas, Salmonella
Mycobacteria: Usually involves epididymis first, granulomatous caseous inflammation
Fungal: Histoplasmosis-granulomatous inflammation
Viral: Rare, mumps orchitis mainly historical |
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Term
| What's more common testicular tumors or epididymal tumors? |
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Definition
| TESTICULAR tumors! they are 95% germ cell tumors that are aggressive but curable! mostly in 15-34 yo and caucasians. |
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Term
| cryptorchidism is a risk factor for what? |
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Definition
Testicular Carcinoma
Risk factors:
Cryptorchidism
Incomplete descent of testis
10% of testicular tumors (GCT)
higher the location of undesc testis ( intra abd vs. inguinal)descent, the greater the risk of developing cancer
Testicular Dysgenesis
Testicular feminization
Klinefelters syndrome (47,XXY)
Genetic
Rare in Africans and Black Americans
Familial clustering – 10% siblings risk |
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Term
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Definition
Germ cell tumors (GCT)
Common (95%)
Typically malignant
Non-Germ Cell Tumors - BENIGN
Rare (5%)
Typically benign
Sex Cord Stromal tumors
Sertoli cell tumors
Leydig cell tumors
Lymphoma and Leukemia |
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Term
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Definition
Seminoma
Embryonal carcinoma
Yolk sac tumor
Choriocarcinoma
Teratomas
Mixed germ cell tumor |
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Term
| Of the GCTs what's unique about seminomas? |
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Definition
Seminoma – most likely to produce uniform population of cells
the others are most commonly a mixture....
but all arise from intratubular germ cell neoplasia (ITGCN) |
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Term
| QUIZ: Characteristics of seminoma? |
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Definition
Most common (50%)
Homogeneous fleshy, gray white tumor
Peak incidence 3rd to 4th decade
Typically presents as a pure tumor in adults
Extremely sensitive to radiotherapy |
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Term
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Definition
Age range: 20-30 yrs ,
10 yrs < than seminoma
Variegated growth with areas of hemorrhage and necrosis
A component of 87% of mixed germ cell tumors (pure in 2%)
More aggressive than seminoma
Sensitive to chemotherapy |
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Term
| QUIZ: Yolk sac tumor characteristics |
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Definition
Most common testicular tumor in children up to 3 years
Good prognosis
Elevated AFP in 95% tumors
Rare as a pure tumor in adults; frequently occurs in combination with embryonal carcinoma
Schiller- duval body |
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Term
| Teratoma common in? second to _____ in common.... |
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Definition
Large, heterogenous tumors with solid, crtilagenous and cystic aresa
Pure forms common in infants and children, second only to yolk sac tumor
Rare as pure tumor in adults (2-3%)
Found in 45% of mixed germ cell tumor
Frequently cystic |
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Term
| Px with postpubertal teratoma comes to you...Benign or malignant? |
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Definition
| Postpubertal teratomas are regarded as malignant and has potential to metastasize |
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Term
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Definition
Composed of more than one type of GCT
Metastasis can be composed of any of the elements, even those not present in the original tumor
70-90% of all non-seminomatous GCTs |
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Term
QUIZ: AFP, bHCG, LDH (GCT polypeptide hormones) indicate what?
bHCG and AFP elevations combined are what? and what do they suggest? |
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Definition
GCTs may secrete polypeptide hormones and enzymes that can be detected in serum
AFP : yolk sac tumor
Beta HCG: choriocarcinoma
LDH: not specific, assess tumor burden
Combined elevated serum beta-HCG andAFP strongly suggest NSGT-regardless of histology
Helpful in determining stage, tumor burden and monitoring response to therapy, and recurrence. |
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