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The Brain and Cranial Nerves
AHH
57
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
12/14/2011

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Term
Rostral
Definition
Anterior-toward the forehead
Term
Caudal
Definition
Posterior-Toward the spinal cord
Term
Cerebrum
Definition
83% of brain volume; cerebral hemispheres, gyri and sulci, longitudinal fissure, corpus callosum
Term
Diencephalon
Definition
Has three parts: the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus
Term
Cerebellum
Definition
Contains 50% of the neurons; second largest brain region, located in posterior cranial fossa
Term
Brainstem
Definition
Is the portion of the brain that remains if the cerebrum and cerebellum are removed= midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata
Term
Gray matter
Definition
The seat of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and synapses; Unmylenated
Term
White matter
Definition
Bundles of axons; Lies deep to cortical gray matter; Mylenated
Term
Meninges
Definition
Three connective tissue membranes that envelop the brain: dura mater (holds brain in place), arachnoid mater, and pia mater.
Term
Meningitis
Definition
Inflammation of the meninges; Pia mater and arachnoid are most often affected.
Term
Ventricles
Definition
Four internal chambers within the brain filled with CSF
Term
Choroid plexus
Definition
Spongy mass of blood capillaries on the floor of each ventricle
Term
Ependyma
Definition
Neuroglia that lines the ventricles and covers choroid plexus; Produces cerebrospinal fluid
Term
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Definition
Clear, colorless liquid that fills the ventricles and canals of CNS; Functions: Buoyancy, Protection, and Chemical stability
Term
Brain barrier system
Definition
Strictly regulates what substances can get from the bloodstream into the tissue fluid of the brain
Term
Astrocytes
Definition
Contact blood capillaries and stimulates a tight seal between the brain and capillaries.
Term
Cerebrum
Definition
Seat of sensory perception, memory, thought, judgment, and voluntary motor actions
Term
Gyri and sulci
Definition
Hills and valleys of the brain; Increase amount of cortex in the cranial cavity; Sulci forms defined boundaries of the five lobes.
Term
Frontal Lobe
Definition
Voluntary motor functions, Motivation, Social judgement
Term
Parietal Lobe
Definition
Receives and integrates general sensory information, taste, and some visual processing
Term
Occipital lobe
Definition
Primary visual center of brain
Term
Temporal lobe
Definition
Areas for hearing, smell, learning, memory, and some aspects of vision and emotion
Term
Insula
Definition
Understanding spoken language, taste, and sensory information from visceral receptors
Term
Aphasia
Definition
Any language deficit from lesions in same hemisphere (usually left) containing the Wernicke and Broca areas
Term
Nonfluent (Broca) aphasia
Definition
Lesion in Broca area; Slow speech, difficulty in choosing words, using words that only approximate the correct word.
Term
Fluent (Wernicke) aphasia
Definition
Lesion in Wernicke area; Speech normal and excessive, but uses senseless jargon; Cannot comprehend written and spoken words.
Term
Anomic aphasia
Definition
Can speak normally and understand speech, but cannot identify written words or pictures.
Term
Thalamus
Definition
Ovoid mass on each side of the brain perched at the superior end of the brainstem beneath the cerebral hemispheres; Acts as a relay station for sensory impulses going to the cerebral cortex for integration and motor impulses entering and leaving the cerebral hemispheres.
Term
Hypothalamus
Definition
Major control center of autonomic nervous system and endocrine system; Plays essential role in homeostatic regulation of all body systems; Hormone secretion-controls anterior pituitary; Emotional behavior- limbic system.
Term
Epithalamus
Definition
Very small mass of tissue composed of the pineal gland and habenula
Term
Pineal gland
Definition
Endocrine gland- secretes the hormone melatonin- responsible for sleep wake cycle
Term
Habenula
Definition
Relay from the limbic system to the midbrain
Term
Midbrain
Definition
Conduction pathway that connects the cerebrum with the lower brain structures and spinal cord
Term
Pons
Definition
Also a conduction pathway communicating with the cerebellum. The pons works with the medulla oblongata to control the depth and rate of respiration.
Term
Medulla oblongata
Definition
Relay station for sensory nerves going to the cerebrum. The medulla contains autonomic centers such as the cardiac center, the respiratory center, and others.
Term
Cerebellum
Definition
Monitors muscle contractions and aids in motor coordination; Important for balance; Evaluation of sensory input; Timekeeping center.
Term
Limbic System
Definition
Consists of a network of neurons and is near the cerebrum and the diencephalon; Known as the emotional brain-interpretation of facial expression.
Term
The Reticular Formation
Definition
Loosely organized web of gray matter that runs vertically through all levels of the brainstem; Responsible for alertness and filters background noise; Coordinates visceral activity controlled by the ANS.
Term
Sensory adaptation
Definition
If stimulus is prolonged, the firing of the neuron gets slower over time, and we become less aware of the stimulus.
Term
Amnesia
Definition
Defects in declarative memory: inability to describe past events.
Term
Anterograde amnesia
Definition
Unable to store new information
Term
Retrograde amnesia
Definition
Person cannot recall things known before the injury
Term
I. Olfactory Nerve
Definition
Sensory; Effect-impaired sense of smell; Clinical Test- Can subject smell various aromatic substances
Term
II. Optic Nerve
Definition
Sensory; Effect-complete or partial blindness; Clinical Test-inspect retina with scope
Term
III. Oculomotor Nerve
Definition
Motor; Eye movements
Term
IV. Trochlear Nerve
Definition
Motor; Eye movements
Term
VI. Abducens
Definition
Motor; Eye movements
Term
V. Trigeminal Nerve
Definition
Mixed; V1-Opthalmic Division, V2-Maxillary Division, V3-Mandibular Division
Term
V1-Opthalmic Division
Definition
Loss of sensation to upper face; Clinical Test- Test corneal reflex
Term
V2-Maxillary Division
Definition
Loss of sensation to mid-face; Clinical Test-Test sense of touch, pain, and temperature.
Term
V3-Mandibular Division
Definition
Loss of sensation to lower face and impaired chewing; Clinical Test-Assess muscles of mastication.
Term
VII. Facial Nerve
Definition
Mixed; Effect-Loss of facial muscle control, distorted sense of taste; Clinical Test-Assess muscles of expression, test taste buds and tear glands.
Term
VIII. Vestibulocochlear Nerve
Definition
Sensory; Effect-Deafness, dizziness and inability to maintain balance; Clinical Test- Test hearing with a tuning fork, test balance and ability to walk a straight line.
Term
IX. Glossopharyngeal Nerve
Definition
Mixed; Effect- Loss of taste, impaired swallowing; Clinical Test- Test gag reflex, swallowing, coughing, test posterior 1/3 taste buds.
Term
X. Vagus Nerve
Definition
Mixed; Effect-Vocal problems, difficulty swallowing and breathing, FATAL IF BOTH DAMAGED; Clinical test- Test gag reflex, swallowing, speaking, coughing.
Term
XI. Accessory Nerve
Definition
Motor; Effect-Impaired movement of head and neck; Clinical test- Require subject to rotate head and shrug shoulders
Term
XII. Hypoglossal Nerve
Definition
Motor; Effect-Impaired speech and swallowing, inability to protrude tongue
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