• Speech, Language, Math
• parietal/temporal cortex and frontal lobe

• spatial perception and facial recognition
• syndrome = contralateral neglect syndrome...parietal lobe

• = important for dominance
• contralateral = cross hemispheres
• ipsilateral = within hemispheres
• tract up and down
• *even with dominance you are getting info from both sides of the brain

• Executive Function = planning, inhibition, concentration, orientation, language, mood, judgement,
• give's someone their personality

Regions:

1. Inferior Frontal Gyrus - language processing (brocas)

2. middle frontal gyrus - planning events, visual input processing, judgement; coordinates eye movements - interpret eye movement and motor plan

3. superior frontal gyrus

= primary somatosensory cortex

• parts:
• 1. supramarginal gyrus = language and visual-spatial comprehension
• 2. angular gyrus = language and visual-spatial comprehension
• *both areas communicate with temporal gyrus and help with understanding of language

= primary visual cortex + word association

-info from your eyes goes back and synapses in primary visual region and sent to other areas of the brain so you know what to do with it

• parieto-occipital sulcus divides it from the temporal lobe
• primary calcarine sulcus = where primary visual division occurs
• primary visual processing begins between the cuneus and lingual gyrus
• *on either side = association cortex

Temporal lobe

= auditory processing

• parts:
• 1. superior temporal gyrus - major auditory function
• 2. middle temporal gyrus- memory interpretation
• 3. inferior temporal gyrus - memory interpretation
• superior and inferior temporal sulci
• wenickes area = primary comprehension of language...closely related to supramarginal and angular region of prairetal

=memory + emotion

• cingulate gyrus is major gyrus associated with it
• can only see from medial view
• *parahippocampal gyrus - houses hippocampus
• *amygdala under uncus - fear, a8nxiety, emotion

= gustatory + pain + auditory

• seen when pull apart lateral sulcus
• interpretation of pain occurs here before gets to thalamus

= main auditory component

• 2 little lumps inside lateral sulcus

= brodman's 44, 45

• primary motor, left hemisphere, inferior frontal gyrus

= Brodmans 22

• comprehension of language, left side brain, superior temporal gyrus most posterior part

= precentral gyrus

• primary motor cortex
• frontal

= Postcentral gyrus

-primary somatosensory

- parietal

= inferior parietal lobule, angular gyrus

-comprehension of language

= supramarginal gyrus, inferior parietal lobule

- comprehension of language

= occipital, calcarine sulcus

-primary visual

= transverse temporal gyri

41 - primary auditory

42 - association auditory

= superior temporal gyrus

-auditory association...wernicke's

= 6 layers

* sensory cortex = more granular cells...GABA1 inhib pyramidal cells

* Motor cortex = agranular...glutamate

3 connection fibers to connect cerebral cortex:

1. Projection Fibers

2. Commissural fibers

3. association fibers

• connects cerebral cortex with subcortical nuclei, bs, sc
• associated with CN
• some synape in bs, anterior horn
• from top-down- cortical ribbons project down through
• *pyramidal fiber tract= major projection fiber tract
• centrum semiovale - above corpus callosum
• corona radiata - above internal capsule
• internal capsule- between thalamus and corpus striatum

• connect cortex between right and left hemispheres
• ex. smelling from one nostril...info from one side must get to other side
• ex. sound
• 2 tracts:
• 1. corpus callosum
• 2. Anterior commisure - connects temporal lobes

• connect regions of cerebral cortex within the same hemisphere...not between hemispheres
• have one on both left and right sides
• Types:
• 1. superior longitudinal fasciculus - connects ant to posterior cortex
• 2. arcuate fasciculus = connects wernicke's area with brocas
• 3. inferior longitudinal fasciculus = connects occipital to temporal lobes
• 4. uncinate fasciculus = connects orbital cortex to temporal lobes
• 5. cingulum = connects limbic cortical areas

• projection fiber
• fibers at levels above the corpus callosum

• projection fibers
• fibers above the internal capsule

• Projection fiber
• distinctive laminar pattern with distinct functions
• fibers located between thalamus and corpus striatum
• 3 different limbs
• 1. anterior limb
• 2. genu limb
• 3. posterior limb

= corticospinal tract

= upper motor neuron tract

contralateral system!...at medullary region fibers cross

• responsible for all voluntary movement of the body
• travels from brain to bs to sc...once here the lower motor neurons connect with neurons that innervate m all over the body
• lesion here will cause loss of motor control, m weakness, tremore, etc.
• primary motor cortex --> midbrain --> pons -->medulla (forms pyramids and crosses)

= commisural fiber tract

• made of 3 parts
• 1. genu - prefrontal cortex
• 2. body - motor, senory, parietal cortex
• 3. splenium - temporal and occipital lobe

= commisural fiber

• connects lateral ventricles, olfactory structures, and primarily temporal cortex

= brodmanns 22

• left superior temporal gyrus
• language comprehension

= brodmans 44,45

• left inferior frontal gyrus
• production of language (motor speech)

= disturbance in the dominant hemisphere that produces a defect in the expression or comprehension of any of the forms of language

- caused by a focal brain lesion...ex stroke

- mostly a L hem problem

• lesion at: Inferior frontal Gyrus  (44,45)
• = Non-fluenct speech
• Good comprehension: can hear, can interpret what someone is saying to you, but you cannot articulate it
• Effortful speech
• dysarthric speech
• poor repetition
• telegraphic speech
• unable to convert thought into meaningful language
• inability to organize words into sentences
• articulation imparied

• contralateral lower facial and upper limb weakness

• Lesion: superior temporal gyrus (22)
• = fluent speech...but unintelligible
• cannot understand what someone is saying
• cant interpret visual input
• poor repetition
• quadrantanopia
• aparaphasic errors
• neologisms
• don't answer the right questions

• parietal lobe dysfunction
• if R brain damage - then neglect all L of world
• visuospatially and personally neglect your own body

Pyramidal cells

• = most common neurons of neocortex
• primary output neurons of motor cortex
• agranular
• excitatory = glutamate
• long axons

• = principal interneurons of sensory cortex
• granular
• inhib = gaba     excit = glu
• have short axons that remain in the cortex

= association fibers

• connects anterior and posterior regions of one side of the brain
• ex. frontal and occipital lobes on r side

= association fibers

• connects broca and wernickes
• is a branch off the superior longitudinal fasciculus

= association fibers

• connects occipital and temportal lobes
• use: to interpret auditory info with visual info

= associtation fibers

• small fiber tract
• connects orbital cortex to temporal cortex

= association fibers

• connects all limbic regions
• above the corpus callosum