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| Vertebrate whose embryos develop within a fluid enclosed within a membrane (the amnion); a reptile (including birds) or mammal. |
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| Egg with internal membranes that allow the amniote embryo to develop away from water. |
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| Tetrapod with a three–chambered heart and scaleless skin; typically develops in water, then lives on land as an air–breathing carnivore. |
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| Collection of now–extinct hominid lineages; some may be ancestral to humans. |
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| Standing and walking on two legs. |
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| Fish with a lung or swim bladder and a skeleton consisting largely of bone. |
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| Jawed fish with a skeleton of cartilage. |
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| Animal with an embryo that has a notochord, dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal gill slits, and a tail that extends beyond the anus. For example, a lancelet or a vertebrate. |
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| Chordate with a braincase; a hagfish or a vertebrate. |
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| Learned behavior patterns transmitted among members of a group and between generations. |
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| Reptile lineage abundant in the Jurassic to Cretaceous; now extinct with the exception of birds. |
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| Animal that controls its internal temperature by altering its behavior; for example, a fish or a lizard. |
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| Internal skeleton made up of hardened components such as bones. |
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| Animal controls its internal temperature by adjusting its metabolism; for example, a bird or mammal. |
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| Jawless fish with a skull case but no backbone. |
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| Members of the genus Homo. |
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| Jawless fish with a backbone of cartilage. |
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| Invertebrate chordate that has a fish–like shape and retains the defining chordate traits into adulthood. |
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| Animal with hair or fur; females secrete milk from mammary glands. |
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| Mammal in which young are born at an early stage and complete development in a pouch on the mother’s surface. |
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| Model that postulates that H. sapiens populations in different regions evolved from H. erectus in those regions. |
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| Stiff rod of connective tissue that runs the length of the body in chordate larvae or embryos. |
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| Mammal in which a mother and her embryo exchange materials by means of an organ called the placenta. |
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| Mammal having grasping hands with nails; includes prosimians, monkeys, apes, and hominids such as humans. |
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| Fish with fins supported by thin rays derived from skin; member of the most diverse lineage of fishes. |
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| Model for origin of H. sapiens; humans evolved in Africa, then migrated to different regions and replaced the other hominids that lived there. |
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| Amniote subgroup that includes lizards, snakes, turtles, crocodilians, and birds. |
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| Vertebrate with four legs, or a descendant thereof; an amphibian, reptile (including birds), or mammal. |
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| Invertebrate chordate that loses its defining chordate traits during the transition to adulthood. |
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