Term
| What are the main points of the article "Economic Consequences of Amnesty for Unauthorized Immigrants"? |
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Definition
1. The population of unauthorized immigrants has kept rising after the broad amnesty of 1986, reaching an estimated 11 million
- increased enforcement and entry limited to H2A and H2B visas capped at 65,000
2. There are no good choices once that happens:
- Deportations violate civil liberties
- Amnesties undermines the rule of law and can have significant ecoomic and immigration consequences. |
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Term
| What solution do the authors propose to address unauthorized immigration? |
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Definition
| Increase the number of workers that can come in under easy to manage temporary work programs |
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Term
| What are 5 facts about unauthorized immigration in the US? |
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Definition
It rose after the end of the Bracero Program
It has kept rising during the 1970s, 1980s, 1990s, and early 2000s, when as many as 500,000 were entering per year
Mexico is still the main source, but it is declining in importance
Geography clustered in urban areas and, although increasingly more dispersed, primarily concentrated in CA and TX
It has contributed significantly to birth rates in the US
It comprises 5% of the workforce
Relatively low-skilled, mostly working in farming, building, grounds keeping, maintenance and constuction |
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Term
| What are the policies developed to deal with illegal immigration? |
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Definition
Immigration Reform and Control Act (1986)
- 245(i) program
Illegal Immigrant Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (1996)
Smaller Amnesty: NACARA (1997)
- Targeted Nicaraguans and Central Americans |
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Term
| What did IRCA and the 245(i) program do? |
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Definition
- Legalized 2.7 million undocumented immigrants
- Increased enforcement
- Created the H2A and H2B visas
Immigrants legalized under IRCA started to become naturalized by 1994 and started sponsoring other family members
- 245(i) program was designed to facilitate that process |
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Term
| What did the 1996 IIRIRA do? |
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Definition
Toughened up sponsoring and is the precursor of:
- E-Verify
- Secure Communities program and 297 (g) agreements between local police and ICE |
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Term
| What are the labor market impacts of IRCA? |
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Definition
Unauthorized workers
- benefit from greater bargaining power and wages.
Naturalized immigrants and Hispanics
-not so clear, i.e. discrimination?
Natives?
- Not so clear either |
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Term
| What are the fiscal effects of IRCA? |
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Definition
Possibly higher income and payroll tax revenues
Possibly higher costs with participation in means-tested programs
Emergency room care
Educational expenditures
Social security and Medicare as they age |
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Term
| What are the effects on unauthorized immigrants' children after IRCA? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the macroeconomic effects of IRCA? |
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Definition
Reduced labor mobility
More expensive labor
More expensive goods and services |
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Term
| What are some proposed policies/solutions to address unauthorized immigration? |
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Definition
Need to lower the demand for unauthorized workers and increase employer's ability to access workers legally:
1. Amnesty or Normalization: Temporary work status
2. TWP (Temporary Work Programs): Greater access to temporary work programs
3. E-Verify |
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