Vespasian 

• date to 70 AD
• head general under Claudius and is proclaimed emperor by troops in Palestine 
• presents himself as pater patriae 
• wants to return the empire to pax (peace)
• all emperors up until him (equestrian class--> military men) came from the elite class
• appreciates orderly administration and government
• expands citizenship to Spain and France (builds power base amongst the people)

• Centuriation from Orange
• emblem of Roman order and character
• Vespasian restoring order in Rome
• speaks to the nature of his rule

• Forum of Peace
• imperial forum creates more public space
• first imperial forum since Augustus which makes him a new founding father
• builds perpendicular to Augustus's forum (association)
• Function of the forum to house a garden (clam peaceful place in the empire to emulate the peace in the empire itself)
• Baroque effect which introduces the baroque style to the public
• rich in sculpture
• office of the urban prefect (over saw streets and street maintenance in Rome) 
• little holes in the wall where there was a thin veneer of marble (forma urbis = map of the city)

•  

• Flavian Amphitheater
• most famous building of Vespasian and arguably the most famous Roman building
• first permanent amphitheater in the city of Rome (for gladiatorial fights) 
• his way of giving back to the people what Nero took away
• can house half the population of Rome
• filled in Nero's lake to make foundation of bedrock
• gilded statue of Nero changed to statue of unknown god 
• same as a theater with barrel vaults
• man made hill
• never has a temple associated with it like theaters
• faced with brick on the inside and travertine on the outside
• hierarchy of seating (top seats made of wood, bottom made of concrete) and hierarchy of order (Tuscan on bottom, Corinthian on top)
•  velarium for shade
• wooden floor with sand covering and a series of trap doors for people to pop up and down
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Titus

• 79-81AD
• son of Vespasian (first natural son to become heir)
• successful general and athlete 
• veristic head with pudgy Flavian face
• garb of senatorial class (what is family is not) and holding a scroll 

• House of Lucrestious Frontio
• 70 AD
• for L. Frontio
• all 4th style
• atrium looks like 3rd style but top part makes it 4th style (weird perspectival elements) 
• Triclean most famous room-->breaks flatness of walls

• Arch of Titus
• single bay arch
• commerating sack of Jerusalem 
• sprandrals-->area between arch and framing columns (ornamented with winged victory)
• Flavian baroque style (exaggeration of the keystone--> stone in arch at top which keeps arch together) personification of Rome
• attic story where description is at top
• carving of triumveral procession of Titus arriving with winged victory holding wreath of victory over his head shows great contrast of black and white
• opposite side is procession coming into Rome walking through the arch it is on = self portrayal 
• composite order (roman) combination of doric, ionic and corinthian
• Titus buried in the attic of the arch
• apotheosis = assent into heaven (apotheosis of Titus on underside of arch)

• 90 AD
• no portraits of him because he was damned (spoiled brat and jealous for not being picked as the heir of Vespasian)

• Flavian Venus
• c. 90
• Verism and Idealism
• Don't normally see nude women
• Not wealthy enough to commission fancy drill work for hair like Flavian women

• Flavian Palace
• c 90
• get to it by going through the arch of Titus
• divided into three parts (whole is bigger than all of downtown Rome)
• First two parts are tripartite 
• First part is the public area consisting of audience room, garden, state dining hall all called Domus Falvia
• Audience hall is a basilica but not traditional type. Columns only on two sides setting up aisles. Entrance on short side. Apse on opposite side of entrance which gives building directionality and orientation. Roof of apse is a half dome (symbol of sovereignty) and tends to be a mosaic which references the sky
• Domitian sat in apse when he had an audience
• Second room=throne room, decorated in baroque style. Decorations on the wall never seen before.
• Aediculae=little temple front where statues are put. Found in throne room.
• Garden with unknown shapes in rooms. new use of concrete
• Colored marble floor (polychrome)
• interior windows
• curved counter curved fountain covered in polychrome to create a series of sensual experiences viewed from the interior 
• Second part is Domus Augustana (private place) rooms are smaller but still a variety of shapes (nothing flat or square), lots of little niches with sculptures 
• Sunken garden with introduction to polychrome monoliths (column without drum) 
• Hippodrome = place to race horses in garden, 180 meters long
• Third part of house is fancy formal garden 
• Domitian would stand in doorway to present himself to the largest crowds in Rome
• Domitian paralleled to Nero who used public money for private statues
• Opus sectile=black and yellow marble cut into precise pieces and put together like a jigsaw puzzle