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The Urinary System
EXAM 3
85
Anatomy
Not Applicable
03/26/2012

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Cards

Term
Where is the urine formed?
Definition
the 2 kidneys
Term
The 2 ureters carry urine from ______ to _____.
Definition
kidneys to the bladder
Term
The _____ takes the urine from the bladder to the outside of the body.
Definition
urethra
Term
What are the functions of the urinary system?
Definition
-remove excess salts and nitrogenous waste
-maintains water and electrolyte balance
-helps maintain acid/base balance
Term
The _____ kidney is slightly higher than the ______ kidney.
Definition
left higher than right
Term
What is the indented area on the medial side of each kidney called?
Definition
renal hilus
Term
The outermost covering of the kidney is called the ___ ___.
Definition
renal capsule
Term
There is an expanded funnel shape portion where the urethra first goes into the kidney, this is the ____ ___.
Definition
renal pelvis
Term
There are 2 or 3 branches from the renal pelvis, these are called...
Definition
major calyxes
Term
Each major calyx have several...
Definition
minor calyxes
Term
The cone shaped masses of tissue at the end of the minor calyx are the...
Definition
renal pyramids
Term
All renal pyramids comdined together form the...
Definition
renal medulla
Term
The outside of the renal medulla is the ...
Definition
renal cortex
Term
Between the pyramids is cortex-like tissue but they are not called cortex they are...
Definition
renal columns
Term
The tip of each pyramid fits into a minor calyx, the tip is called...
Definition
renal papilla
Term
What comes out of the pierced holes of the renal papilla?
Definition
fully formed urine
Term
After the renal artery enters the renal hilus it branches into...?
Definition
interlobar arteries
Term
Interlobar arteries travel through the renal columns to the base of the pyramids and branch to form...?
Definition
arcuate arteries
Term
Arising from the arcuate arteries are the ____ ____ which travel into the cortex.
Definition
interlobular arteries (cortical radiate arteries)
Term
Interlobular arteries give rise to...
Definition
afferent arterioles
Term
Afferent arteries lead into ____ and give rise to an extensive network of capillaries called a _____.
Definition
nephrons, glomerulus
Term
What is a nephron?
Definition
microscopic, urine forming structures
Term
One kidney has about how many nephrons?
Definition
1,000,000
Term
Is a glomeruli between an arteriole and venule, or between two arterioles?
Definition
two arterioles
Term
Each glomerulus is surrounded by a cup-like structure called...
Definition
Bowman's capsule
Term
A bowman capsule is made of what kind of tissue?
Definition
simple squamous epithelium
Term
Bowman capsule open into the...
Definition
proximal convuluted tubule (PCT)
Term
What is a PCT composed of?
Definition
simple cuboidal epithelium with extensive microvilli
Term
The only place in a nephron where you will find microvilli is in the what?
Definition
PCT proximal convuluted tubule
Term
The PCT leads to where?
Definition
the loop of henle
Term
After the ascending limb of the loop of henle is the...
Definition
distal convuluted tubule (DCT)
Term
The DCT leads into the...
Definition
collecting duct
Term
Where do nephrons fit into the kidney?
Definition
the loops of henle and collecting ducts are in the renal medulla. Bowmans capsule and the convuluted tubules are in the renal cortex
Term
The efferent arterioles give rise to...
Definition
the peritubular capillary system
Term
What is the peritubular capillary system?
Definition
An extensive network of capillaries surrounding all parts of the nephron (except the glomerulus)
Term
What is a vasa recta?
Definition
this refers to the peritubular capillaries in the medulla (those around the loop of henle and collecting duct)
Term
Where the DCT touches the afferent arteriole is the...
Definition
juxtaglomerular complex
Term
What do juxtaglomerular cells do?
Definition
monitor renal blood pressure and release renin
Term
Urine formation requires what 3 processes?
Definition
1. glomerular filtration
2. reabsorption
3. secretion
Term
Glomerular filtration-
Definition
1st step in urine formation
-the movement of fluid out of the capillaries of the glomerulus and into the Bowmans capsule.
Term
What is the fluid involved in glomerular filtration?
Definition
glomerular filtrate
Term
Glomerular filtrate-
Definition
just like what becomes interstitial fluid elsewhere, NO rbc's, few plasma proteins
Term
Reabsorption-
Definition
2nd stage in urine formation
-the movement of substances out of the nephron and into the peritubular capillaries
Term
What happens to the fluid during reabsorption?
Definition
We save the "good stuff" ie: water, glucose, and some salts
We eliminate hydrogen ions (acids)
Term
Secrection-
Definition
Last stage of urine formation
- the movement of substances from peritubular capillaries and interstitial fluid into the nephron (concentrating on bad stuff) for elimination.
Term
Glomerular Filtration Rates
Definition
How much fluid leaves glomerulus and enters Bowmans capsule and how fast
Increased fluid = increased pressure
Term
Pressure in the glomerulus tends to be higher or lower than that of other capillaries?
Definition
higher
Term
The average adult with both kidneys has a GFR of what?
Definition
125ml/min or 180 liters/day (45 gallons)
Term
Kidneys recieve __% of cardiac output
Definition
20
Term
How many times a day does the bodys plasma filter through the kidneys?
Definition
60x/day
Term
Do we need hypertonic or hypotonic urine?
Definition
hypertonic
Term
Where do we find the most hypertonic interstitial fluid?
Definition
in the renal medulla
Term
It is essential that the kidneys save _____ and produce _____tonic urine
Definition
water, hyper
Term
What hormone controls the permeability of the collecting ducts to water?
Definition
ADH
Term
What type of tissue line the bladder?
Definition
transitional epithelium
Term
In a female where is the urethral opening?
Definition
Between the folds of the labia minora
Term
About how long is the female urethra?
Definition
5-6 cm
Term
About how long is the male urethra?
Definition
about 25 cm
Term
What gland does the male urethra pass through?
Definition
the prostate gland
Term
What is the normal pH level?
Definition
7.35-7.45
Term
If pH drops to 7.0, an individual is considered to be in...
Definition
acidosis
Term
Acidosis can result in _____ if not immediately corrected?
Definition
death
Term
If the pH reaches 7.8, an individual is considered to be in...
Definition
alkalosis
Term
What is the primary source of H+ in the body?
Definition
an indirect outcome of cellular respiration and the resulting production of CO2
Term
Interuppted breathing will result in...
Definition
acidosis
Term
Hyperventilation will result in...
Definition
alkalosis
Term
Incomplete oxidation of fatty acids and the resulting formation of acidic ketones is another source of...
Definition
H+
Term
Conditions of starvation, crash diets, and/or lack of insulin will cause significant increasing amounts of _______, and increasing ________.
Definition
ketones, acidosis
Term
What are the 3 mechanisms by which pH is controlled?
Definition
1. buffer systems
2. respiratory control
3. renal control
Term
How do buffer systems help control pH?
Definition
Help prevent wide swings in pH over short periods of time
Term
Most buffer systems are composed of a combination of a ____ and a ____.
Definition
weak acid and weak base
Term
What does the bicarbonate buffer system consist of?
Definition
The weak acid-carbonic acid and the weak base-sodium bicarbonate
Term
How does respiratory control, control pH?
Definition
Breathing rates affect pH by controlling PCO2. Altered breathing rates can affect pH in minutes
Term
How does renal control, control pH?
Definition
The kidneys help control pH by secreting hydrogen ions and reabsorping bicarbonate ions. It takes the kidneys several hours up to a few days to effectively alter pH
Term
Among the most important electrolytes are...
Definition
sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, phosphates, bicarbonate, and sulfate
Term
Most electrolytes are obtained in ____, and are lost via _____, ______, and ______.
Definition
obtained in food, lost via urine, sweat and feces
Term
If either water balance or electrolyte balance is dehydrated what happens?
Definition
The effective concentration of the electrolytes is increased.
Term
What hormone is the primary regulator of water balance?
Definition
ADH
Term
Water is lost through...
Definition
urine, sweat, feces, and evaporation through the lungs
Term
About how much fluid in the body is intracellular?
Definition
2/3
Term
Components of extracellular fluid are...
Definition
plasma, interstitial fluid, cerebrospinal fluid, lymph serous, synovial fluid and humors of the eye
Term
What is the most abundant postive extracellular electrolyte?
Definition
sodium
Term
What hormone controls sodium concentration?
Definition
Aldosterone, which stimulates renal absorption of Na+ and renal secretion of K+. Also regulated by ANF
Term
What hormones control potassium concentration?
Definition
Aldosterone (renal secretion of K+) and ANF
Term
What is the primary regulator of Ca++?
Definition
PTH, promotes osteoclast activity, increases Ca absorption from the small intestine, and increase renal Ca reabsorption. Also can be regulated by calcitonin.
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