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-made in fourth ecumenical council
-God and Man -perfect in deity and in humanness -of same reality of God and of same reality of us
-Two Natures are: -not confused, divided, transmuted, separated or divided.
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The Christian Christological belief in a perfect union of two distinct but never separate natures--one human and one divine--in one integral, eternal divine person. (two whats, one who)
-View of the of Chalcedonian definition |
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-Gnostic heretic view of Chirstology -matter is evil or corrupt. Thus, deny the full and true incarnation of the Son of God in humanity
-dualistic Christology: distingushes the "christ" as heavienly, spiritual redemer and teh "jesus", the human taken over by the Christ and used as his instruemtn for a time on earth
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-Christological heresy romoted by Paul of Samosata -Jesus Christ was only human but a very special human: thus adopted by God as his special prophet and "son" -denies Jesus' ontological deity (equality with God's own eternal being) -"human face of god" or "God's deputy and representative among men" |
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-sophisticated form of adoptionism (christological heresy) -"God's first and greatest creature, but not God or eaqual with GOd" -incarnation of archangel Michael
-making Jesus a created being, raises questions of his ability to save humanity and be worshiped |
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-Christological heresy by Apollinarius -Christ did not have a human rational soul or spirit. -human body and soul, without a human rational soul -"God in a bod" |
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-Heretic view of christology by Nestorius
-Divided the person of Christ into two persons working in harmony
-the "person" of Christ was actually a "moral union of two persons like a perfect marriage
-The human one was born, experienced limited knowledge, grew in wisdom, sufferend adn died. -the Divine one, (Logos, Son of God), performed miracles, had no weaknesses, frailties, suffering or death |
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-heretic view of Christology By Eutyches -Christ's humanity was "like a drop of wine in the ocean of his divinity"
-Jesus had a human nature in theory but was swallowed up by his divinity |
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-Heretical view of christology: Belief in one nature
-Eutychianism is also called monophysitism beause they denied that Jesus could have two full and complete natures |
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-Diverse Christian view of Christiology
-Jesus Christ had two natures and was one person but was also limited in knowledge and power because of voluntary decision of self-restriction or self-limitation made by the Son of God who became Jesus Christ
-One person, two natures |
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-denies limitations of knowledge or power in JC and attaches 2 wills and 2 conciousness to his single personhood |
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refers to the work of Christ by which he brought humanity and God together in spite of our sin and God's holiness |
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-Heresy in salvation -Belief that Christ died before he was able to finish his mission b/c he did not have children and establish a new humanity----thus, another savior will complete his work |
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-early model of atonement which says that since the fall, Satan held humanity in captivity an dJesus was paid as ransom
(view inside orthodoxy) |
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-atonement =transaction in which Jesus pays the debt of sin on our behalf (Anselm) |
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-Christ's main work on the cross was provision of a moral influence that changes the perspective of humanity and causes them to trust God and repent of their sins (Peter Abelard) |
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-Atonement as a spiritual battle in which Jesus defeats Satan and evil powers--and humaniti is freed (Luther) |
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penal substitution theory |
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-Burden of condemnation from which we were freed was laid upon Christ who took oru punishment (Calvin) |
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(heresy on salvation)
-Belief that denies original sin and teaches that humans have a natural ability to live sinless lives apart from divine grace |
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-(heresy on salvation)
-All people are saved in Christ quite apart from the ir responses to him, ultimate reconciliation |
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-(heresy on salvation)
-same as apokatastasis--> unviersal salvation |
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-Order of salvation, human's role and God's role in salvation |
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-any belief that God is the sole sovereign agent in salvation |
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-any belief that salvation is a cooperative project and process beteween God (superior partner) and man (crucial partner) |
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-God sovereignty predestines some fallen people to be saved |
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-Christ's death only saved those he predestined |
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grace that you can't resist |
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-God knew ahead of time who was going to be saved
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-Divine grace which precedes human decision but enables personal acceptance of God's gift |
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faith alone vs. faith & works of love |
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-Protestant vs. Chatholic
(views on salvation) |
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-Declaration by God that a person is righteous with Christ's own righteousness even though that person is still a sinner in thought, word and deed (reconciliation and frogiveness) |
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-process of growth in repentance and righteousness (inward, spiritual condition |
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Christ's righteousness covers our sin (luther/protestant) |
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Christ's work in us helps us to do righteous acts (Catholics) |
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one, holy, catholic, apostolic |
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-(heresy) Belief of attitude that the unity of the church is unimportant and that the essence of th echurch may exist without unity |
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Roman Catholic belief in the visible unity under the pope and bishops |
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Prespitant belief that the CHurch is spiritually united rather than institutionally united |
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-its polity is centered aroudn the office of bishop, who are elected by clergy & lay representatives and confirmed by other bishops
-Ordained in apostolic succession
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-Churches that are completely autonomous, with no bishops or authoritative representative bodies over them -join with other churches in order to pull or contribute resources |
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-being born again of God's spirit through baptism |
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the transformation of the substance of bread and wine into the body and blood of Jesus Christ |
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belief that the humanity of JChirst is truly present "in, with and under" the elements of bread and wine (Luther believed) |
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Zwingly denied "real precence" in bread and wine, saying it was simply a "memorial meal" commemorating Christ's death |
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-the communication of divine attributes to the humanity of Christ such that in his risen and exalted conditions he could be present everywhere |
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Christ isn't physically, but spiritually present in the elements of communion (Calvin) |
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a public act of commitment to Christ and his church (not a mean of grace), through infusion or effusion (drinking or pouring of water) |
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study of the end of times |
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- comon heretic folk belief about Christianity that neglects or excludes bodily resurrection |
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THe heretical belief in the transignation of souls or spirits |
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Belief that the only existence of persons after bodily death is their enduring influence on the world and precence in God's memory |
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Between bodily death and bodily resurection |
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-Catholics: a place were souls of persons who died in a state of grace but with the stain of corruption of sin stay there until purified |
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-Protestant belief that the only intermediate state of souls is either nonexistence until bodily resurrection or else speep like waiting for when Christ comes |
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belief that the everlastingess of hell is extinctio and that God punishes unbeliever sby burning them up and shows them mercy by allowign htem to cease existing as rebelious persons under condemnation |
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-The time when Jesus Christ will come back to earth
-means "appearing" or "comming" |
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-the "now" part of the Kingdom |
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-the future kingdom of God and Christ's return |
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radically realized eschatology |
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-(heresy) Any view of universal eschatology that claims the parousia, the kingdom of God, and new heaven and new earth have laready been realized
-denies the future aspect of the Kingdom
-God is not Lord adn sovereign ruler now but only in the future
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-identifies the kingdom of God--God's rule and reign--as exclusively future and pits that future when Christ returns in catastrophic mode against the past and present which are viewed as devoid of God's kingdom
-God is not Lord adn sovereign ruler now but only in the future |
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-the mode of interpretation that assumes most or all of the symbols and images of biblical apocalyptic literature refer to realities still in the future
-antachrist is yet to appear |
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-retards all or most symbols or images of biblical apocalyptic literature as already fulfilled for us even if the fulfillment was future for the visionary and his first readers
-antichrist has already appeared and may be an office or a kind of person or political entity rather than a specific person |
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-sees symbols and images as codes for persons, entities and events contemporary with the acopalypticists
-antichrist was the Roman emperor or Rome itself |
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-refers to any belief in an earthly, visibly rule and reign of Christ within world history
-Christ's invisible rule and reign through the church if or when it results in a true Christianization of all nations.
-A millenioum occurs if this Christianizatoin is followed by the immediate return of Christ
-a specific earthly historical, and political order over which Christ rules
-some premillennialists believe in a two-stage parousia of Christ ("secret rapture" of true bleievers before Christ returns bodily to destroy the antichrsit adn usher in his earthly kingdom"
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-Pre: any belief that Christ will return visibly to earth at the end of this present age of world history and establish his kingdom--the kingdomof God in its fullness--over all the world
-Christ's return will be accompanied by the sounding of the "trupet of the Lord"
-History will continue--probably for a thousand years, AFTER the parousia -durign this millenium, Christ will rule and reign as Messiah and Lord and enforce peace and justice--(of "new Jerusalem", the fulfillment and manifestation of the kingdom of God) |
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-the denial of any sociopolitical, historical kindom of God before or after Christ's return -Kingdom of God is spirituallized (Augustine) -After God's parusia, come sthe judgement and then the new heaven and new earth (the one thousand year period mentioned in revelation is between Christ's incarnation and his return--the age of the chruch) -Kingdom of God within history: not a utopian social order, but as God's spiritual precence throuhg Christ and Holy Spirit in church and heaven. |
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Doctrine about the person of Christ |
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-the belief in an actual kingdom of God on earth before Christ's second coming.
-In order to count as true postmillennialism the model of the kingdom of God must include a Christianization of the world order prior to the parousia
-World turns better over time until Christ comes
-postmillennialists use thsi model as a powerful motive for Christian involvement in social justice and evangelism |
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From Moses’ birth to his death, Gregory analyzes every step of his time on earth and uses each one as a spiritual symbol comparable to steps in the life of a growing believer. The Life of Moses was a mystical classic which taught that one could eventually commune with God after reaching a point of pure faith. Very Symbolic. |
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A defense of the hesychast tradition. 1) knowledge gained through the transcendental experience is superior to all human knowledge. 2)In the transcendental experience the flesh and the soul participate together in divine communion. 3) God’s essence transcends our participation in him. Main Point: God is fully immanent, accessible to humanity through spiritual experience, while remaining completely transce
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In his writings Justin Martyr ceaselessly works to present a coherent and correct view of the Christian faith. Whether he is writing to reach the Romans or the Jews he uses Scripture and reason to defend and justify the faith before its opponents, often very effectively. |
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The book takes the form of a dialogue between Lady Philosophy and Boethius. Through prose and poetry, Boethius reconsiders the nature of happiness, and Philosophy comforts him with the reminder that good men cannot be harmed and ultimately are rewarded.
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City of God was written as an attempt to sort through all of the chaos that was surrounding Roman Christian life and establish an understanding of Creation and the way God, his people and evil work within it. The books XI-XIV in City of God discuss the Creation and its fall and passions. This includes questions concerning the timeline of creation, the creation of angels and the implications of humanity’s fall. |
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-Three main virtues of Christian Faith: faith, hope and love
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-God’s immutability is justified by the fact that he is outside of time -God created out of divine goodness, not out of necessity
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-men (because women already have) can only be realized when he knows God and his essence (beatific vision
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True religion in great part consists in holy affections. –Holy affections determine true and false religion. Affections are habitual emotions that define who a person is. The affection of love is not an act, but a habit formed and shaped by a profound understanding (namely, of grace). |
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Why did God have to become human and die? “Man was created for a state of blessedness which cannot be had in this life, and that no one can arrive at that state if his sins have not been got rid of”
It is necessary that a “God-man” redeem humanity. This God-man cannot have an interchangeable nature such that divine nature becomes human or human nature becomes divine.
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. God is more glorified under the Gospel because the grace of Christ is more clearly manifested. In chapter ten, Calvin aims to prove the essential resemblance of the two Testaments. He is mainly concerned with one point: both Testaments contain promises of eternal life
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This discussion centers on the equality of both the Father and Son and their relationship to the Holy Spirit. |
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- Nestorius said that the Logos was conjoined to man and dwelled in Christ. Logically then, there are 2 sons, one is the Only Begotten Word of God and the other is Jesus, the human son whom Mary gave birth to.
Cyril refutes Nestorius’ argument by maintaining the unity of Christ—Christ is one person—that it was the Logos who assumed a human body.
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Wesley’s purpose for writing this book is to give the original sources supporting his doctrine of Christian perfection.
In Wesley’s theology salvation is done through both justification and sanctification, which he calls God’s instantaneous as well as gradual work on his children.
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Erasmus believes that human beings do have free will, but it cannot “attain its end without grace” (80). Luther, however, maintains that human beings do not have a free will because their will is either held in bondage by sin or enslaved by the grace of God.
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Symeon the New Theologian |
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Symeon the New Theologian was the leader of a monastic community, and a staunch opponent of scholastic theology, instead favoring a more mystical approach.
Throughout the book Symeon addresses the issues of: 1) what an ascetic lifestyle is, and 2) how one should go about pursuing this.
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