Term
| Aker's 6 Criteria for evaluating theory |
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Definition
1) Logical Consitency
2) Scope - Range of phenomena explained by the theory
3)Parsimony - How complex
4)Testability
5)Fit w/ emperical evidence
6)Policy implications - is it useful? |
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Definition
| Strain Theory - not everyone has equal resources to achieve the American dream, which causes a STRAIN - they question the system |
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Definition
| A state where norms in a society are confused, unclear, or not present - oil crisis of the 80s |
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Definition
| Cesare Lombroso - Positivism - someone who is less-evolved. |
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Term
| Becker's 4 types of deviant behavior |
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Definition
| Falsely accused, pure deviant, conforming, secret deviant. |
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Definition
| First large-scale urban deliquency. |
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Definition
| Looks at environmental factors - people's surroundings cause them to commit crime. |
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Definition
| mid 1700s first to study why people commit crimes. People want to maximze pleasure and minimize costs. Consistent and modest punishment. |
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Definition
| Values that society agrees on. |
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Definition
| Distinguishes 5 natural urban areas of Chicago. Areas are characterized by ethnic groupings, income levels, and more. |
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Definition
| Assumes that society is based on primarily conflict between conflicting interest groups. |
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Definition
| Chicago School - Thorsten Sellin - culture collide, new culture group moves in and seen as deviant. groups that share common border. |
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Term
| Cultural Transmission Theory |
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Definition
| Chicago School - Sean McKay & Clifford Shaw - traditions of deliquency are transmitted through generations of the same zone in the same way language roles and attitudes are transmitted. |
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Definition
| Positivism - Whether or not someone will become a criminal is predetermined - no free will. |
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Definition
| Edwin Sutherland - microlevel - Crime is learned through social interaction. A person becomes delinquent because of an excess of definitions faborable to violation of law over definitions unfavorable to violation of law. |
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Term
| Ectomorph Endomorph and mesomorph |
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Definition
| William H Sheldon Physical Structure/ build. Positivism |
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Definition
| Social selection - sterilization - Buck vs. Bell people who were mentally incapable would be sterilized. |
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Term
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Definition
| Classical School - You can change behavior. |
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Term
| General Deterrence vs. Specific Deterrence |
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Definition
General - seeing someone punished for a crime.
Specific - YOU get punished, which prevents you from commiting crime again. |
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Definition
| Self interest - Classical School. |
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Term
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Definition
| Crime is socially constructed - definitions of crime change with time and place. Labeling someone as deviant will make them a criminal. |
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Term
| Policy Implications of Labeling Theory |
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Definition
| 4 D's - Decriminalization // Diversion // Due Process - consistent punishment determined by law // Deinstitutionalization |
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Term
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Definition
| Response to Conflict Theory - Focused on the working class as victims of street crime. |
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Definition
| Conflict Theory - conflcict between social classes. People with power make laws rigged against the lower class. |
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Definition
| Labeling Theory - concept that suggest that there are central traits to people's identities, blinding us to other characteristics. |
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Definition
| Psychological Positivism - to be sane, you must be aware of what youre doing and the difference between right and wrong. |
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Definition
| Strain Theory - MORE collective conscience - small, homogenous - diversity is not tolerated. |
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Term
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Definition
| Strain Theory - Large modern heterogenous - high collective conscience. More diverse. |
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Term
| Merton's modes of adaptation |
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Definition
Conformity + +
Innovation + -
Ritualism - +
Retreatism - -
Rebellion +- +- |
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Term
| Middle-class measuring rod |
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Definition
| Subculture Theory - Family name, family's position in the community, acedemic and athletic achievement. |
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Term
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Definition
| Biological Positivism - The study of bumps in the skull |
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Term
| Pluralistic Conflict Model |
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Definition
| there is no one power elite. We have a decentralized system that involves negotiation of law making |
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Term
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Definition
| Edwin Lemert - Labeling Theory - initial criminal act. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chambliss - The ruling class controls the resources of society and uses law as a means of control. By creating laws emphasizing behaviors of the lower class, they become criminalized. |
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Term
| Retrospective Interpretation |
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Definition
| Identities can be reconstructed to fit a new label. Look back and justify calling someone a criminal. Michael jackson. |
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Definition
| The Classical School - Give up certain pleasures for order. Government serves the people |
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Definition
| Conflict Theory - Law enforcement, family, peers |
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Term
| Social Disorganization Perspective |
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Definition
| Chicago School - unable to self regulate, failure of social institutions, causes crime. social order existes when there is a high degree of internal bonding to individuals and institutions in a conventional society. |
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Definition
| Positivism - Garafalo - eugenics |
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Term
| Societal Reaction Approach |
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Definition
| Crime depends on how society reacts to an offense. |
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Term
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Definition
| Broad term for physical characteristics |
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Term
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Definition
| physical characteristics - positivism |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Classical School - pleasure over pain. |
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