Merode Alterpiece Left Panel

• Inghelbrechets family (ppl who commissioned painting)
• in enclosed garden (metaphor of purity)

Merode Alterpiece Center Panel

• The annuciation (contemporary style)
• Mary sitting on ground (humility)
• white lily (purity)
• Lavloa - space to wash hands before mass (i.e. Annuciation goes before salvation.)
• Holy spirit carries cross on light beams

Merode Altarpiece Right Panel

• Joseph in studio (contemporary workshop)
• mouse traps - symbol of Christ on Earth to trap the devil

Ghent Altarpiece Closed

• commissioned for family shown in bottom left/right panels
• individual emphasis on each panel
• made for a personal chapel
• top scene - angle holding lily (purity)
• below OT prophets and civils (classical references)

Ghent Altarpiece Open

• Top - reference to heaven
  *Left - Virgin
  *middle - throne
  *Right - John the prophet
• surrounded by angels, far ends are adam and eve (fallen state)
• Bottom - original sin needs sacrifice
  *Center - lamb on alter being sacrificed - based on revelation
  *OT figures, apostles, & martyrs coming forward to worship

Giavanni Arnolfini & his Bride

• Original Idea:
  * double portrait (unusual 2 ppl)
  * shows a witnessing of a marriage
  *disguised symbolism: everyday objects mean more than they seem
  * taking vow (can see 2 figures in the mirror
  *curtains on bed open, fruit (fertility), dog (loyalty), 1 candle in chandelier (eye of God)
  
• 2nd theory - everyday objects are actually ordinary objects
• 3rd theory - memorial portrait (the way they are dressed)
• 4th theory - rights/legality of marriage
  * shoes at bottom (references to outside world)
  * painting cut into 2 man/woman duties/place
  -man: open window (outside)
  -woman: lots of clothes, bed

Man in Red Turban

• possibly a self-portrait (Jan Van Eyck)
• extremely detailed portrait

Deposition

• incomplete - thought to at one time have wings
• cross bows in corners and form/position of Christ's body
  *body was taunt on cross & loose once dead
  *commissioned for Archer's Guild
• supposed to feel strong sense of empathy and connect with Mary and Jesus.
  *Mary/Christ are in same position
  *Christ's head is tilted toward her
  *everyone is looking at or reacting to them
  *Mary/Christ hands are close together

Last Supper (Bouts) - Altarpiece

• concern w/ space - single point
  *tries to replicate space as we see it in the real world
• emphasizes Christ on central axis
• Christ is emphasizing brotherhood of apostles - contemporary setting
  *men in bg are set apart w/ contemporary clothes
• panels surrounding it show reference to the OT - typology

Last Supper (Castagno)

• in a room where people eat
• fresco - not as vibrant, but good clarity and lines
• good perspective, but not realistic in the layout.
• Judas is in the front - stands out from rest (foreshadowing)
• no contemporary references
• really long table - figures are arranged all on one side, can see each of their expressions

East Doors "Gates of Paradise"

• Lorenzo Ghiberti 
• eastern position (most prestigious side)
• 27 years to make
• focused entirely on OT stories
• imitate naturalistic space

Brancacci Chapel

• incorporates influences from contemporary sculpture/painting
• commissioned piece
  *focused on the life of St. Peter
  *chapel was for burial - imgs w/ sin/burial
• Different panels
  *starts with Adam/Eve and idea of sin
• known for application of perspective and the natural human form
• inspired by classical form (nude)

Holy Trinity (Masaccio)

• in the Santa Maria Novella, Italy
• meant to mark where someone is buried
• his most complex perspective piece
• Christ sacrifice - shows that there is something to look forward to 
  *family members are shown praying below
• classical reference to architecture

Italian

• contraposto (reference to classical)
• good lighting
• understanding perspective)

Battle of the Ten Nudes

• print > engraving
• prints were much more affordable than paintings, artists could get their name out this way.
  *eat to transport, reproduce, cheap
• real & accurate anatomy - all tense to see body definition
  *foliage in bg is used as a contrast to bodies

Santo Spirito

• modular design w/ geometric unity
• aisles were contained all the way around
• classical influence - single column, clerestory, not vaulted
• uses different colored stones to highlight architectural elements

West Facade of Santa Maria Novella

• bottom front are tombs that were there and styled - had to unify the tombs w/ the rest
• very strongly emphasized central axis
• huge emphasis on bilateral symmetry
• Ideal viewpoint - intended to be seen from the front
• uses different colored marble to create patterns
• believed you had to follow a set of rules to make something beautiful 

Adoration of the Magi

• commissioned by Palla Strozzi fro personal chapel (to show status)
• shows the 3 kings (younger, middle, and older)
  *elaborate clothes - wealthy and exotic
• Palla Strozzi and son are thought to be behind magi
• Style
  *indicates space (no vanishing point)
  *lots of detail - shows journey in bg
  *very rich: works w/ lighting, color, gold

Pazzi Chapel

• patron: Andrea Pazzi - commissioned for family chapel & given to Santa Croce
• symmetrical - everything lines up
• interested in classical forms - rounded arches, pediment, columns, coffers
• central plan - central dome, equal arms, etc.
• dark/light stone to contrast
• same style inside and outside
• sculptures of apostles on the wall, evangelists on dome corners
  *dome: 12 ribs, 12 apostles, 7 seals of apocalypse 

Palazzo Medici-Riccardi

• living space is separated from business (most ppl lived where they worked)
• rustication: rough & raised stones on outside (stone gets smoother on top)
• built right up to the edge of the street
• interior courtyard to bring light into building

David (Donatello)

• displayed in Medici courtyard
• david was seen to symbolize the city of florence
  *classical style - shows youthfulness
• symbol for the political side of the medici family
  *showing David as a killer of tyrants
  *shown nude (idealistic) also shown as vulnerable

Primavera

• commissioned for a cousin of the Medici family
• Figures:
  *Left: Mercury
  *3 graces wearing gemstones the family owned
  *venus w/ cupid above her head
  *flora - wearing flowers
  *Chloris (nimph) - picked up by Zephur, god of wind
• Possible purposes
  *Ovid Poem illustration
  *attribute to a legal adult
  *Lucretius writing illustration
  *Apulesus poem illustration 

Birth of the Virgin

• Mary's birth is shown
• Ludovica Tornabuoni is shown paying respects to the newborn.
  *shown as a model for behavior of other women
  *posture is good and contained compared to the movement of the servants

Giovanna Tornabuoni

• portrait to pay tribute to her - she died young
• additional elements in bg to refer to characteristics about her
• fair, meek & contained posture - status through clothing

Sant 'Andrea

• Ludovico Gonzaga - ruler of the city
  *had the sant 'Andrea redesigned because of the relic brought ppl to the city
• it held a relic of Christ's blood
• church was modern at the time
  *NO gothic, classical revival
• Plan:
  *no aisles - individual chapels on sides
  * transept with classical dome
  *thick walls - not lit completely (strategic)
  *coffered semi-circular vault rested on walls, not columns 

Interior of Camera Degli Sposi

• modern style - worked w/ perspective to make room look bigger
• almost all sculpted architecture is painted on
• "Ceiling"
  *painted in a way to fool the eye to think it is real

Camera Degli Court Scene

• Ludovico is shown as a calm ruler, cultured
• scenes are idealized in who is present & when & where
• family idealized w/ decorations and roman classical above

Enthroned Madonna & Saints Adored

• for Federico da Montefeltro
• artist very interested in perspective
• Mary & Christ - surrounded by saints
• Federico is shown w/ patron saint behind him
  *taken gloves and helmet off to honor christ
• open space on left is possibly to memorialize his wife who died that year

Last Supper (Da Vinci)

• Duke of Milan had daVinci paint it for a monastery
• not in good condition because he experimented with paints
• scene when Christ says that someone is going to betray him
• Christ is emphasized
  *framed by window, central axis, single point leading to Christ, alone in the middle, colors, head are all lined up to Christ. 

Timpietto

• means little chapel (commissioned by King & Queen of Spain)
• was made to show where Peter was crucified
  *Doric order style

David (Michelangelo)

• Michelangelo used the eyes as the determination of beauty.
• Classical nude - ideal, contraposto
  *hands are bigger, deviated from rules of proportion
• viewer supposed to walk around the statue (eyes looking off into the distance)

Sistine Chapel Ceiling

• took about 4 years to finish w/o much assistance
• theme: emphasize the origins of Salvation and where it comes from
• paints architectural framework on ceiling to separate painting.
• As he goes, he realizes to make people bigger to view from ground
• curved lines - focused on gesture

Philosophy (School of Athens)

• painted by Raphael
• for Pope's private library
• fresco to represent the four aspects of learning: Theology, law, philosophy, and poetry
• painted idealized version of the philosophy school of athens
  *lots of classical elements
  *single vanishing point (center)
  *Plato and Aristotle in center

Baldassare Castiglione (Raphael)

• Courtier - from good family & attendant to a ruler
• tries to emphasize Baldassare
• simple yet sophisticated (facial expressions)

Galatea

• sea nymph - married to cyclops (monster)
  *fell in love w/ a shepherd - tried to flee her husband to live on land w/ her lover
• Galatea's twisting form may be similar to Michaelangelo's 
  *enlivens and balances the composition

Last Judgement (Michaelangelo)

• alter wall of Sistine Chapel
• Pope selected the imagery to reaffirm the churches sacraments as the only way to be saved
  *dealing w/ much opposition (reformation & Sac of Rome) religiously & politically and was a way to assert church power
• Figure in center (jesus) painted like Apollo "god of sun"
  *shown as active judge
  *surrounded by saints in paradise
  *angles - carrying instruments of the passion
  *no angel with scales - blessed rising toward heaven and damned to hell
• Combined classical ideas of an afterlife 
• all figures are active and almost nude - shows bodies in figurative ways (idealize-heaven, distorted-hell)
• purgatory - cave behind alter

Palazzo Farnese

• courtyard in the center
• more sculptural than others
• central axis - aligned with doorway/balcony
• looks like colosseum - different style on each level 
  *bottom - tuscan
  *center - ionic
  *top - corinthian 

St. Peter's  Basilica

• Michaelangelo simplified design as the architect
• planned the dome (made it more oval on the outside and circular on inside)
  *made it stronger and more of a focal point

Decent from the Cross (Pontormo)

• mannerism (emits the cross from the painting
• makes it vertical & groups the figures
  *makes you look at the faces and follow them, leaves void in middle
• nothing is centralized
• purpose: to show Christ being carried away from his mother and plays with the emotional devastation
• figures are shown smooth and elongated - sculptural

Madonna with the Long Neck

• by Parmigianino
• meant for a funerary chapel
• left unfinished but still hung
• Composition: heavy on left side & open on right
• Figures: distorted and drawn out (long limbs on christ and others, mary's long neck)
• space: foreground defined w/ mary, bg is undefined and unfinished

Venus, Cupid, Folly, and Time

• intended as a gift
• smooth sculptural figures, elegantly posed.
  *Space is irrational w/ no space behind blue drapery
• 1st theory:
  *shown as a foolish act, envy behind Cupid, deceit behind Folly, oblivion- face on top left
• 2nd Theory:
  * Syphilis that was spreading throughout Europe
  *envy could be seen as a person with Syphilis and how foolish love can be bad 

Portrait of a Young Man (Bronzino)

• book in hand is most likely poetry
• young man is probably poet friend
  *all the grotesque faces in the image
• man imitated high level aristocrats by wearing black
  *gazing down and standing pretentiously

Abduction of the Sabine Woman

• by Bologna
• from an old story of the founding days of Rome
• composed very simply
  *idealized bodies
  *woman creates tip of statue with her finger
• each figure is at a different angle for the viewer to walk around to see

Interior courtyard of the Palazzo Del Te

• 3 wings around courtyard
• took Classical forms and used them in ways that were not traditional
• "Fall of the Giant" - fresco
  *gods taking control of earth from giants
  *looks like stonework of room is being destroyed in the battle

San Zaccaria Altarpiece (Bellini)

• painted and framed with stone to mimic the real stone frame 
• sacra conversasione
• Saints: Peter, Jerome (book), st. Catherine (wheel), Lucy (eyes), angels at mary's feet
• similar to high renaissance - central comp, symmetrical, single-point perspective
• Different: use of color as a primary shaper of form
  *color is also used as a compositional element to draw the eye to certain areas

Feast of the gods (Bellini & Titian)

• painted on the wall of a studiolo
• Duke (commissioner) had a scholar help him decide what content
  *artists weren't considered educated enough
• Arcadia - classical reference in countryside
  *classical gods are recognized by their elements/symbols
• inspired by Ovid's poem (Fasti)
  *celebration for Bacchus (wine)
• using color as a balancing element - more than line
• couple in center (married) might have been commissioner and wife

Meeting of Bacchus and Ariadne

• Titian
• also for the studiolo
• Bacchus is presenting himself to Ariadne
  *bold use of color
  *beginning to bring emotion to the painting
  *not everything is balanced - more dramatic