Term
what are the 3 divisions of the thoracic cavity? |
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Definition
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Term
what are in the pulmonary cavities of the thoracic cavity? |
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Definition
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Term
what is in the mediastinmum? |
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Definition
all other thoracic structures except lungs (heart, great vessels, trachea, esophagus, thymus) |
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Term
describe visceral pulmonary pleura |
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Definition
adheres to all surfaces of the lungs (cannot be separated/dissected) |
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Term
describe parietal pulmonary pleura |
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Definition
lines pulmonary cavity; adheres to thoracic wall |
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Term
where are visceral and parietal pulmonary pleurae continuous with each other? |
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Definition
at Hilum of the lung where pulmonary vessels enter |
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Term
what is the pleural cavity? |
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Definition
potential space between the two layers (visceral and parietal); contains serous fluid that lubricates pleural surfaces |
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Term
name and describe the 4 parts of the parietal pleura of the lungs |
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Definition
costal pleura covers internal surface of thoracic wall (lateral), mediastinal pleura covers lateral aspect of mediastinum, diaphragmatic pleura covers superior surface of the diaphragm, cervical pleura covers apex of lung |
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Term
what is pneumothorax, what causes it, and what happens |
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Definition
entry of air into the pleural cavity of the lungs; from penetrating wound (gun shot, stabbing) or rib fracture; surface tension adhering parietal and visceral layers is broken and lung collapses due to its inherent elestic recoil |
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Term
describe lobes of right lung |
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Definition
3 lobes (superior, middle, inferior) divided by oblique and horizontal fissures |
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Term
describe lobes of left lun |
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Definition
divided into superior and inferior lobes by left lung |
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Term
describe 3 surfaces of each lung |
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Definition
costal = against ribs, diaphragmatic = against diaphragm, mediastinal = against mediastinum |
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Term
what are the 3 borders of the lung? |
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Definition
anterior, inferior, apex (top) |
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Term
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Definition
provide a close interface for gas exchange |
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Term
where do lungs attach to heart and trachea? |
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Definition
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Term
what enters/leaves lungs at hilum? |
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Definition
main bronchus, pulmonary vessels (arteries and veins), bronchial vessels, lymphatics, nerves |
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Term
describe large pulmonary artery to lungs |
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Definition
delivers poorly oxygenated (venous) blood |
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Term
describe pulmonary veins that leave the lungs |
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Definition
carry well-oxygenated (arterial) blood to left atrium |
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Term
function of bronchial arteries? |
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Definition
arise from thoracic aorta, supply nutrition to supporting tissues of lung, follow bronchi into lung tissue |
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Term
where does trachea branch into right and left main bronchi? |
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Definition
at sternal angle/T4/2nd rib |
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Term
what all happens at sternal angle |
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Definition
T4, 2nd rib, mediastinum divisions, trachea branches |
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Term
describe right main bronchus |
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Definition
wider, shorter, more vertical than left as it passes to hilum |
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Term
describe left main bronhcus |
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Definition
passes inferior to arch of aorta and anterior to the esophagus |
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Term
describe trachea-bronchi branching |
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Definition
trachea divides into left and right bronchi, main bronchus divides into secondary bronchi, secondary bronchi divide into tertiary bronchi, tertiary bronchi supply each bronchopulmonary segment |
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Term
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Definition
common diagnostic procedure in respiratory medicine |
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Term
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Definition
cartilaginous projection from last tracheal ring, can deviate from midline if underlying bronchogenic carcinoma, mucous covering carina is very sensitive (cough reflex) |
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Term
into which bronchi do foreign bodies usually pass and why? |
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Definition
right = wider and more vertical |
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Term
describe cross section of trachea |
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Definition
cartilagenous rings do not completely encircle; trachealis muscle spans posterior region |
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Term
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Definition
smooth muscle innervated by autonomic nervous system at posterior region of trachea |
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Term
bronchopulmonary segments |
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Definition
functional subunits of lungs, largest subdivision of a lobe, separated from adjacent segments by connective tissue, supplied independently by a tertiary bronchus and a tertiary branch of the pulmonary artery, drained via pulmonary veins that course in connective tissue between segments, each is surgically removable |
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Term
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Definition
removal of one or more bronchopulmonary segments |
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Term
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Definition
removal of an entire lobe |
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Term
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Definition
complete resection of a lung |
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Term
what happens to tertiary bronchi within a bronchopulmonary segment? |
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Definition
it continues to branch into terminal - respiratory - alveolar ducts which are lined by alveoli |
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Term
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Definition
basic structural unit of gas exchange in the lung |
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Term
what are the small blood vessels around the bronchus as it enters lung at hilum? |
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Definition
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Term
what provides parasympathetic innervation to lungs and what effect does it have? |
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Definition
vagus nerve (CN X) which causes bronchoconstriction |
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Term
how do preganglionic parasynthetics get to lungs? |
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Definition
GVE fibers arise from cell bodies in medulla oblongata and travel through vagus nerve |
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Term
how do postganglionic parasympathetics get to lungs? |
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Definition
GVE fibers arise from cell bodies in the pulmonary plexuses |
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Term
where are the pulmonary plexuses |
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Definition
large nerve plexuses along the tracheobronchial tree |
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Term
where does sympathetic innervation to lungs come from and what does it do? |
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Definition
innervation arises from sympathetic trunk, causes bronchodilation |
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Term
how do preganglionic sympathetics get to lungs |
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Definition
start from cell bodies in lateral horn of T1-T5 |
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Term
where do postganglionic sympathetics arise from |
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Definition
GVE fibers arise from cell bodies in sympathetic chain |
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Term
how do GVE fibers get to lungs from sympathetic chain |
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Definition
course to pulmonary plexus and are distributed to bronchial smooth muscle |
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Term
where is posterior mediastinum |
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Definition
posterior to pericardium and diaphragm, anterior to T5-T12 thoracic vertebrae, between the parietal pleura of both lungs |
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Term
what is in the posterior mediastinum? |
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Definition
thoracic aorta, esophagus, thoracic duct, azygos veins, thoracic sympathetic chain |
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Term
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Definition
in posterior mediastinum, descends through posterior mediastinum delivering small anterior branches along its course: esophageal branches, posterior intercostal arteries, bronchial arteries |
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Term
describe path of esophagus in posterior mediastinum |
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Definition
descends through posterior mediastinum alongside aorta until it pierces diaphragm at T10 |
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Term
what are the 3 veins in the azygos system of veins? |
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Definition
azygos, hemiazygos, accessory azygos |
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Term
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Definition
drain blood from the posterior walls of the thorax via posterior intercostal veins and posterior abdominal wall |
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Term
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Definition
in posterior mediastinum along thoracic vertebral column |
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Term
azygos veins form a collateral pathway between which 2 large vessels |
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Definition
superior and inferior vena cava |
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Term
what do azygos veins drain into |
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Definition
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Term
what do azygos veins do during IVC blockage |
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Definition
provide alternate route for venous drainage from thoracic, abdominal, and back regions |
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Term
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Definition
courses around right hilum of lung, joins SVC |
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Term
what things are in the lymphatic system? |
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Definition
lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, lymphoid tissue, lymph organs (spleen) |
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Term
what are the lymphatic system functions? |
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Definition
1. drainage and transport of extracellular tissue fluids (lymph fluid) into the venous system, 2. absorption and transport of fats from intestines into venous system, 3. immune or defense mechanisms for our body (antibodies and lymphocytes are produced and dispatched to infected areas) |
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Term
what are the 2 large lymphatic drainage vessels? |
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Definition
right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct |
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Term
what is the right lymphatic duct? |
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Definition
large lymph vessel that drains lymph from right upper extremity/trunk and right side of face into the venous system |
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Term
what is the thoracic duct |
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Definition
largest lymph vessel in the body; begins in the abdomen and courses through posterior mediastinum where it eventually drains into the subclavian vein; drains all of body except right upper extremity/trunk |
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Term
is the left lung located in the pleural cavity |
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Definition
no, the pleural cavity is the space between the 2 layers (visceral and parietal) of the pleura that contains serous fluid to lubricate pleural surfaces |
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Term
the azygos joins the SVC and courses around the hilum of which lung? |
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Definition
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Term
do pulmonary veins enter or exit the lungs? |
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Definition
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Term
describe a bronchopulmonary segment including what structures enter and exit the segment and why clinicians find segments useful in patient care |
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Definition
bronchopulmonary segmentsare the smallest functional sections of the lung. Each lung has approximately 10 bronchopulmonary segments. Each segment receives a tertiary bronchus and a tertiary branch of the pulmonary artery. Small pulmonary veins which convey oxygenated blood from the segments course between the segments in a connective thin tissue plane, which allows surgeons to isolate and remove diseased bronchopulmonary segments. |
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Term
list 5 anatomical structures located in the posterior mediastinum |
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Definition
aorta, esophagus, azygos vein (including hemi and accessory), thoracic duct, sympathetic chain |
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Term
what does the vagus nerve cause in the lungs? |
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Definition
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Term
how would exaggerated vagus nerve impulses affect a patient? |
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Definition
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Term
what kind of innervation (sympathetic or parasympathetic) does the vagus nerve provide to the lungs? |
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Definition
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Term
where do the postganglionic cell bodies of parasympathetic neurons from vagus nerve reside before going to lungs? |
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Definition
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Term
does the phrenic nerve provide motor, sensory, or both kinds of innervation to the diaphragm? |
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Definition
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Term
what is the fibrous pericardium |
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Definition
a tough external membrane surrounding the heart |
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Term
at what level does the trachea bifurcate? |
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Definition
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