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Thoracic Spine
Musculo Thoracic Spine
121
Anatomy
Graduate
03/20/2012

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Cards

Term
what are apophyseal facets
Definition
superior/inferior articular facets.
Term
how many costal facets does one thoracic vertebrae have
Definition
4
Term
describe projection of spinous processes T1-T3
Definition
project directly backwards. Equal to the same level of transverse process
Term
describe projection of spinous processes T4-T6
Definition
project a half a vertebrae below the one they are attached to
Term
describe projection of spinous processes T7-T9
Definition
project a full vertebrae below the one they're attached to
Term
describe projection of spinous processes T10-T12
Definition
project directly backwards. Equal to the same level of transverse process
Term
are the superior articular facets of T spine vertebrae convex or concave
Definition
convex
Term
in what direction do the T spine vertebrae superior articular facets face
Definition
posterior
Term
in the T spine vertebrae, are the superior articular facets or inferior articular facets more medial
Definition
inferior articular facets are more medial
Term
are inferior articular facets in T spine vertebrae convex or concave
Definition
concave
Term
in what direction do the T spine vertebrae inferior articular facets face
Definition
anterior
Term
what is the angle of spinous processes in the T spine
Definition
about 60 deg up from horizontal
Term
what is the angle of the superior articular facet of T1?
Definition
45 deg from horizontal
Term
what is the alignment of the inferior articular facet of T12?
Definition
faces laterally and anteriorly, lined up more in sagittal plane
Term
functions of ribs
Definition
add stability and rigidity to thoracic spine; protect internal organs
Term
what are the 3 joints of the ribs
Definition
costotransverse, costoverterbal, sternocostal
Term
which ribs articulate with just one vertebrae
Definition
1, 10, 11, 12
Term
which ribs articulate with 2 vertebrae
Definition
ribs 2-9
Term
which ribs are true ribs
Definition
ribs 1-7
Term
what makes true ribs true ribs
Definition
they articulate with the sternum directly
Term
which ribs are false ribs
Definition
ribs 8-10
Term
what makes false ribs false ribs
Definition
articulate with costal cartilage of rib above
Term
what do we call ribs 11-12
Definition
floating ribs
Term
why do we call ribs 11-12 floating ribs
Definition
they don't attach to sternum or costal cartilage
Term
what does the radiate ligament do
Definition
attaches ribs to vertebrae and discs
Term
how many vertebrae do most ribs attach to
Definition
2
Term
do ribs 10, 11, 12 attach to 2 vertebrae
Definition
no
Term
what do ribs 10, 11, 12 attach t
Definition
vertebral bod
Term
what does the costotransverse ligament do
Definition
attach transverse process and posterior neck of rib
Term
what does the superior costotransverse ligament do
Definition
attaches inferior border of transverse process to superior border of neck of underlying rib
Term
what are the 4 ligaments of the thoracic spine
Definition
anterior longitudinal ligament, posterior longitudinal ligament, supraspinous ligament, ligamentum flavum
Term
what is the effect of motion of ribs 1-6
Definition
increase anterior-posterior dimensions of chest by rotating along their long axes
Term
what do ribs 1-6 do in inspiration
Definition
ribs are pulled up and forward.
Term
what accompanies elevation of ribs 1-6 in inspiration
Definition
elevation of the manubrium
Term
what do we call the movement of ribs 1-6
Definition
pump handle action
Term
what do we call the action of ribs 7-10
Definition
bucket handle action
Term
what is the effect of motion of ribs 7-10
Definition
increase in lateral/transverse dimension
Term
what is the movement of ribs 7-10
Definition
ribs move upward, backward, and medially
Term
what do we call the action of ribs 11-12
Definition
caliper action
Term
what is the motion of ribs 11-12
Definition
move laterally to increase lateral diameter
Term
which muscles flex the thoracic spine
Definition
rectus abdominis, obliques (internal, external)
Term
which muscles extend the thoracic stand
Definition
iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis, semispinalis, multifidus, rotatores, interspinalis
Term
which muscles rotate and sidebend the thoracic spine ipsilaterally
Definition
iliocostalis, longissimus, intertransverse, internal oblique
Term
which muscles sidebend and rotate the thoracic spine contralaterally
Definition
semispinalis, multifidus, rotatores, external oblique, transverse abdominis
Term
define scoliosis
Definition
lateral deformity of the spine
Term
how much curve must there be on an xray to be determined scoliosis
Definition
>10 deg
Term
where is the convexity if you have right scoliosis
Definition
convex to the right
Term
what does it look like to have right scoliosis
Definition
convex to the right, rotation to the right, posterior rib hump on the right
Term
how do you tell if it's structural scoliosis
Definition
does not straighten during forward bending or sidebending into the convexity
Term
will they have a posterior hip hump when they flex forward if they have functional scoliosis
Definition
no
Term
will they have a posterior hip hump when they flex forward if they have structural scoliosis
Definition
yes
Term
will they have a posterior hip hump when they flex forward if they have acute scoliosis
Definition
no
Term
what causes functional scoliosis
Definition
muscle imbalance, bad posture, leg length descrepancy,
Term
what causes acute scoliosis
Definition
facet joint impingement
Term
what are causes of scoliosis
Definition
congenital, neuromuscular, syndrome-related, idiopathic, curvature due to secondary reasons
Term
what is congenital scoliosis
Definition
malformed vertebrae, such as an extra half of a vertebrae wedged in there.
Term
what is common with congenital abnormalities causing scoliosis
Definition
abnormalities in organ systems developing at the same time
Term
what are neuromuscular causes of scoliosis
Definition
cp, charcot marie tooth disease, polio, muscular dystrophy, paralysis
Term
what are syndrome related causes of scoliosis
Definition
marfan syndrome, ehlers-danlos syndrome
Term
what are causes of scoliosis that is curvature from secondary causes
Definition
spinal infection, tumor, lateral shift from lumbar disc herniation
Term
is a 10 degree scoliosis curvature more common in boys or girls
Definition
both
Term
is a 30 degree scoliosis curvature more common in boys or girls
Definition
girls
Term
is a 10 degree or a 30 degree curvature more common
Definition
10 degree
Term
what do you want to know when examining someone with scoliosis
Definition
is it structural or functional/can you fix it, or do you have to work with it?
Term
scoliosis key examination concepts
Definition
age of onset, gait assessment, skin inspection, neurological examination, posture, forward bending test
Term
what to look for in posture of someone with scoliosis
Definition
shoulder and iliac crest height
Term
what to look for in neurological exam of someone with scoliosis
Definition
motor, sensory, abdominal reflexes
Term
what do MDs base scoliosis treatment on
Definition
type of scoliosis, magnitude of curve, number of years of growth remaining
Term
MD treatment of scoliosis
Definition
observation, bracing, surgery
Term
what are PT treatments of scoliosis
Definition
stretch, strengthen, orthotics, manual therapy
Term
how to stretch someone with soliosis
Definition
stretch in both directions, but start and finish in the tighter side
Term
how to strengthen someone with soliosis
Definition
strengthen in both directions, but start and finish in the weaker side
Term
what is the most common cause of structural kyphosis and thoracic back pain in adolescents
Definition
scheuermann's diseaes
Term
what is scheuermannn's disease
Definition
angular kyphosis with apex in thoracic or thoracolumbar spine
Term
what causes scheuermann's disease
Definition
reduced anterior vertebral growth
Term
what are the results of reduced anterior vertebral growth in scheuermann's disease
Definition
vertebral body wedging cause by anterior compression and normal width posteriorly; vertebral end plate irregularities; early disc degeneration because of posterior disc pressure caused by anterior disc wedging
Term
where would a person with scheuermann's disease be tight
Definition
pec minor, anterior shoulder capsule from kyphosis; suboccipitals from forward head posture; hamstrings from trunk hyperextension
Term
where would a person with scheuermann's disease have lengthening and weakness
Definition
abs and hip flexors
Term
when is the onset of scheuermann's disease
Definition
8-12 years
Term
what are PT treatments of scheuermann's disease
Definition
exercises focusing on trunk flexibility; stretching hamstrings and pecs; strengthening abs
Term
when would you brace someone with scheuermann's disease
Definition
>60 deg kyphosis
Term
how long does the brace need to stay on for someone with scheuermann's
Definition
20 hours/day for 1-1.5 years
Term
what will happen if you don't do anything for scheuermann's
Definition
structural scoliosis that goes with it will worsen
Term
what are causes of thoracic hypomobility
Definition
poor posture, poor extension muscle tone, apophyseal joint capsule fibrosis
Term
what are treatments for thoracic hypomobility
Definition
joint mobilization, postural re-education, stretching, strengthening
Term
what is costochondritis
Definition
inflammation of costochondral junctions of ribs or chondrosternal joints of anterior chest wall
Term
what are 3 other terms for costochondritis
Definition
costosternal syndrome, parasternal chondrodynia, anterior chest wall syndrome
Term
what does a person with costochondritis present with
Definition
chest pain, hurts to breathe, tender palpation right on the rib, hurts to raise arms, exertion hurts
Term
what to do if someone comes in with costochondritis
Definition
do vitals first
Term
how to treat costochondritis
Definition
ultrasound, manual therapy, kinesiotaping
Term
how common is costochondritis in patients with acute chest pain
Definition
13-36%
Term
does costochondritis appear in children or adults
Definition
both
Term
which ribs usually hurt with costochondritis
Definition
ribs 2-5, unilateral
Term
what to do in examination of costochondritis
Definition
history, palpation, deep breathing, AROM upper extremities
Term
is there usually swelling in costochondritis
Definition
no
Term
if you do a PA on thoracic spinous process in someone with costochondritis, where will it hurt
Definition
anteriorly
Term
what are differential diagnoses for costochondritis
Definition
osteoarthritis, fibromyalgia, tietze syndrome, herpes zoster of thorax
Term
how to know if someone has osteoarthritis instead of costochondritis
Definition
evidence of joint sclerosis on radiograph
Term
how to know if someone has fibromyalgia instead of costochondritis
Definition
multiple tender points, widespread pain, more posterior pain
Term
how to know if someone has tietze syndrome instead of costochondritis
Definition
single tender and swollen costochondral junction, usually rib 2 or 3
Term
how to know if someone has herpes zoster of thorax
Definition
clusters of vessicles on red bases that follow 1 or 2 dermatomes and do not cross midline
Term
how do MDs treat costochondritis
Definition
pain meds, injections
Term
what does visceral pain feel like
Definition
vague, dull, indiscrete (can't touch the pain, can't reproduce it)
Term
why to check skin for someone with thoracic problems
Definition
herpes zoster
Term
what is a sign of disc lesion for thoracic
Definition
paraesthesia or increased pain with cough, sneeze, or valsalva; decreased pain lying down
Term
what are the steps of thoracic spine eval
Definition
history, posture observation, AROM, PROM, Resisted ROM, slump test, palpate T spine, palpate ribs
Term
what type of PROM do you do in T spine
Definition
PPIVM = Passive Physiologic Intervertebral Motion
Term
what does PPIVM stand for
Definition
passive physiologic intervertebral motion
Term
what is PPIVM
Definition
PT moves patient passively in flex/ext/sidebend/rotation and puts fingers in spaces of spinous processes to feel the movement
Term
what does PAIVM stand for
Definition
passive accessory intervertebral motion
Term
what is PAIVM
Definition
accessory glides of vertebrae: central/unilateral PA, transverse mobs
Term
what rib palpations should you do in T spine eval
Definition
rib springing
Term
what to test in thoracic spine AROM
Definition
observe flex/ext/sidebend/rotation
Term
for which spinous processes do you PPIVM by tilting head with your hand
Definition
C5-T3
Term
for which spinous processes do you PPIVM by supporting pt's arms with their hands behind their head
Definition
T3-T11
Term
what is the slump test
Definition
lower limb nerve tension
Term
what are thoracic spine treatment ideas
Definition
stretching, joint mobilization, strengthening, modalities, taping
Term
how to stretch T spine
Definition
lie supine on foam roller, lie supine w foam roll perpendicular to spine, seated rotation stretch
Term
time/reps for seated rotation stretch of T spine
Definition
20s x 3
Term
what to do rotational PAIVM for
Definition
hypomobility
Term
what are some scapular stabilizatino exercises
Definition
I, Y, T
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