1. Composed of tightly packed cells forming continuous sheets.

 -may have tight junctions and desmosomes.

 -have little extracellular material.

2. Anchored to connective tissue by a basement membrane.

3. Covers all free body surfaces and is the major tissue of glands.

 -Has nerve fibers but lacks blood vessels

 -It is continuously replaced.

Single layer of thin, flattened cells through which substances pass relatively easily. 

 -Allows diffusion to readily occur.

minute, cylindrical processes

 -increases surface area, allows greater absorption.

mucus-secreting cell

 -specialized columnar cell

Single layer of columnar cells that appears stratified because the nuclei are located at two or more levels within the cells.

 +May have cilia - moves mucus or cells over the surface of the tissue.

both types are rare.

 + cuboidal - found in the ducts of large glands.

 + columnar - found in the male urethra.

Secretes substances into ducts.

 -e.g. sweat glands, salivary glands, liver and pancreas.

Secrete substances into tissue fluids or blood

 -e.g. glands that produce hormones.

a1. Simple glands - have unbranched ducts

a2. Compound glands - have branched ducts

 *Ducts do not secrete substances.

b1. Tubular glands - secretory cells form a tube.

b2. Alveolar glands - secretory cells form small flasklike sacs.

b3. Tubuloavascular glands - secretory cells form into both tubelike and flasklike portions.

Merocrine glands - secrete cell products without the loss of cytoplasm.

 -most secretory glands are this type.

Apocrine glands - lose portions of their cells during secretion.

 -some sweat glands and mammary glands.

Holocrine glands - releases cells filled with secretory products.

 -sebaceous glands.

1) Serous cells - secrete watery fluid that may have a lot of enzymes.

2) Mucous cells - secrete mucus.

 *Salivary glands have both types.

All connective tissues arise from mesenchyme.

 -Mesenchyme = embryonic connective tissue.

The blood supply varies between types of connective tissue.

 -e.g. cartilage = avascualr

 bone and adipose tissue = highly vascularized

-Unlike other tissues, connective tissues are more nonliving material than cellular.

-nonliving material includes ground substance and fibers.

Ground substance = amorphous material that fills the space between cells

 -interstitial fluid

 -cell adhesion proteins

 -proteoglycans = proteins with polysaccharides

produce cartilage

-chondrocytes = mature (inactive) chondroblast

produce bone

-osteocytes = mature osteoblasts

detect foreign substances and begin the inflammation response.

-usually located near blood vessels.

1. Ground substance

2. Major cell types

3. Connective tissue fibers

-Binds tissues together.

-Tissue fluids are found in the intercellular spaces, along with collagen and elastic fibers.

closely-packed bundles of collagen fibers running in the same direction

-found in tendons and ligaments

thick bundles of collagen fibers which intertwine.

-found in the dermis, joint capsules and the fibrous coverings of some organs.

Composed mainly of elastic fibers

-provides elasticity

Extracellular matrix - fibers and gel-like ground substance

Avascular = lacks a direct blood supply

-slow to heal following an injury

dense irregular connective tissue structure that encases parts made of cartilage

-contains blood vessels

tip of nose, connecting the ribs to the sternum, larynx, epiphyseal plates and composes all articular cartilage.

-most abundant type

has more elastic fibers than hyaline cartilage

-found: ear and epiglottis

has lots of collagen fibers

-found: intervebral disks and meniscus of knees

Collagen fiber framework covered with mineral salts.

-flexible and hard

Cells are usually arranged in concentric circles

-around a haversian canal

-connected by canaliculi

Bone is considered an "active tissue" - constantly reforming and heals rapidly.

-Composed of cells suspended in fluid

-cells are formed in the red bone marrow

-transport vehicle for the cardiovascular system

-transports nutrients, gases, wastes, etc. to and/or from the tissues.

usually in muscles attached to bone

-voluntary = controlled by conscious effort

Cells= muscle fibers = long and threadlike

a) has striations = alternating light and dark cross markings.

b) multinucleate = many nuclei, in between the muscle fibers.

Contracts when stimulated by nerve impulses, it then relaxes immediately.

In the wall of hallow internal organs

e.g. organs of the digestive tract, blood vessels.

-involuntary

-cells are spindle shaped and nonstriated

-contracts and relaxes slowly

Cells: joined by intercalated disks

-arranged in branching interconnecting network.

Generates its own contractions = autorhythmic

-modified by the brain

only in the heart

-involuntary

Neurons = nerve cells

1) Sensitive to changes

2) Functions: 

-respond to environmental changes by transmitting impulses.

-help coordinate, regulate and integrate body activities.

Neuroglial cells = cells found in conjunction with nerve cells.

-functions (of the various types):

1) Bind and support nervous tissue

2) Connect neurons to blood vessels

3) Phagocitize bacteria, viruses and toxins