Term
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Definition
| peripheral and is caused by pain/injury/stress. viscious cycle of spasm <-->pain. |
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Term
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Definition
| CNS. increased tone. firing of motor cortex. Loss of inhibition from above, velocity dependent. |
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Term
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Definition
| Valium, Lioresa, Soma, Flexeril, Norflex. |
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Term
| Which Central-acting Drug (sedative) can be used for both spasm and spasticity? |
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Definition
| Valium. Cns at all levels by enhancing GABA. |
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Term
| Which central acting drug will work for spasticity only? |
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Definition
| Lioresa. Action at the level of the spinal cord. |
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Term
| What central acting drugs are used for Spasms only? |
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Definition
| Soma, Flexeril, Norflex. pharmacodynamics not fully understood. |
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Term
| What drugs should be avoided when using "spasm-only" central-acting drugs? |
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Definition
| Avoid barbiturates as a skeletal muscle relaxant, ADRs too harsh and more dramatic. |
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Term
| What are the ADRs of all Central Acting Drugs (Sedatives)? |
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Definition
| Sedation!, CNS depression, hepatic toxicity, physical dependence - will need to ween off. |
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Term
| What are the drug-drug interactions that Central acting drugs have? |
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Definition
| Other CNS depressants(antihistamines, Etoh) |
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Term
| What are the peripheral acting drugs? |
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Definition
| Dantrolene, Tubocurarine HCL, Anectine |
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Term
| What is Dantrolene taken for and what is its action? |
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Definition
| For spasticity as a peripheral-acting drug. blocks Ca++ release from SR of skeletal muscle. |
|
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Term
| What are the ADRs of Dantrolene? |
|
Definition
| hepatic toxicity, muscle weakness, drowsiness, diarrhea. |
|
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Term
| What is Tubocurarine HCL taken for and what is its mechanism of action? |
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Definition
| For intubation, mechanical ventilation, tetanus. Non-depolarizing: competes with Ach for nicotinec binding sites on motor end plate and blocks stimulation. |
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Term
| What is Anectine taken for and what is its mechanism of action? |
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Definition
| surgery, electroshock therapy. Depolarizing. bind to nicotinic-2 receptors on motor end plate to depolarize muscle fiber and stays bound to prevent repolarization. |
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Term
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Definition
| seizure disorder: TBI, fever, other disease can cause seizures too, shock, hypoglycemic, electrolyte imbalance, metabolic changes. |
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Term
|
Definition
| tonic, clonic muscle contraction |
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Term
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Definition
| absence seizure, zoned out, no awareness. |
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Term
|
Definition
| short duration due to a fever. |
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Term
| What are the general pharmacodynamics of antiepileptic drugs? |
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Definition
| 1. decrease excitability if neuronal membrane 2. GABA binding medications (agonist) 3. Drugs interact w/ Na 2+, Ca2+ to hyperpolarize membrane. |
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Term
| General drug-druge interactions of antiepileptic drugs? |
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Definition
| muscle relaxors (additive), CNS depressants, anti-histamines, opioids, alcohol, stimulants may Counteract. |
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Term
| What are the general ADRs of antiepileptic drugs? |
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Definition
| Sedation, lethargy, drowsiness, depression of brain, dizziness. |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are benzodiazepines that are anxiolytics? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an example of a Non-benzodiazpine used as a anxiolytic? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of first generation anti-depressants? |
|
Definition
| Tricyclic antidepressants (elavil), Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (phenelzine). |
|
|
Term
| What are the Second Generation Antidepressants? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the mechaniism of second generation antidepressants? |
|
Definition
| SSRIs. Blocks presynaptic uptake of serotonin. elevated levels in synapse. |
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Term
| What is the action of Tricyclic antidepressants |
|
Definition
| Blocks the presynaptic nerve terminal reuptake of many neurotransmitters. Eleveated NE, dopamine, serotonin in synapse for postsynaptic receptors. |
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|
Term
| What is the action of MAOIs? |
|
Definition
| Inhibits enzyme that degrades catecholamine neurotransmitters. Elevated NE, dopamine, sertonin. |
|
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Term
| What are the ADRs of MAOIs? |
|
Definition
| C-V effecs more common, GI, dry mouth. |
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Term
| What is an example of SNRI (norepinephrin and serotonin)? |
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Definition
| Wellbutrin, Zyban. weak blocker of neural uptake of serotonin and NE. Adjunct for smoking cessation. ADRs: GI, agitation, insomnia. |
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Term
| What are some of the causes of Bipolar disorder? |
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Definition
| manic episodes may be caused by cation imbalances, goal is to find balance. |
|
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Term
| What are the mood stabilizing drugs? |
|
Definition
| Duralith, Depakene, Depakote, Tegretol |
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|
Term
| What is the mechanism of Duralith? |
|
Definition
| accelerates catecholamin destruction, inhibits release of nt, decreases sensitivity of postsynaptic receptor.(corrects overactivity) |
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|
Term
| What is the mechanism of Depakene in bipolar disorder? |
|
Definition
| more rapid acting. increases bioavailability of GABA. Test for liver function. |
|
|
Term
| What is the use of tegretol in treatin bipolar disorder? |
|
Definition
| anticonvulsant. off-label use = psychiatric disorder.(bipolar, resistant schizophrenia) |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 ways to treat bipolar disorder? |
|
Definition
| Mood-stabilizing drugs, antidepressants, combination of drugs, Electroshock therapy. |
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Term
| What are the three conventional anti-psychotic drugs and the three atypical anti-psychotic drugs? |
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Definition
| (Thorazine, Vesprin, Haldol)conventional. (Risperdal, clozaril, Dopamine system stabilizers) atypical. |
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Term
| What are the ADRs of 1st generation anti-phsychotics? |
|
Definition
| sedation, anticholinergic, seizures, weight gain, extrapyramidal symptoms. |
|
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Term
| What is the 2nd generation anti-psychotic mechanism? |
|
Definition
| high affinity for dopamine receptor. more motor side effects. |
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Term
| What is the mechanism of 3rd generation anti-psychotic? |
|
Definition
| broader spectrum of action, for resistant schizophrenia. Less EPS side effects, but increased CV risks. |
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Term
| /What is the mechanism of action for 4th generation anti-psychotic? |
|
Definition
| acts as dopamine stabilizer (blocks but also mildly acts as dopamine). minimal ADR. |
|
|
Term
| What are the drug-drug interactions of anti-psychotics? |
|
Definition
| CNS depressants, parkinson's medications, anticonvulsants, anti-HTNs |
|
|
Term
| What are the three medications for sleep disorders |
|
Definition
| Benadryl, Benzodiazepines, Seconal:schedule II. 2&3 can have paradoxical excitement in elderly and young |
|
|
Term
| What are some medications for ADHD? |
|
Definition
| Ritalin/Concerta. Amphetamine Sulfate. Desoxyn, Caffeine, Nicotine, Ecstasy. |
|
|
Term
| Pharmacodynamics of ADHD drugs. |
|
Definition
| increased catecholamines at synapse. block reuptake of catecholamines. |
|
|
Term
| What are the ADRs of Cerebral Stimulants? |
|
Definition
| Irritability, restlessness, insomnia, euphoria, tachycardia. |
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