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The Cell Theory
Three Basic Principles |
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1. Cells come only from other cells
2. Cells are the smallest unit of life
3. All living things are made of cells |
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| a measure of the central tendency of a set of data |
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| a graphical represenation of the variability of data |
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| a measure of the spread of most of the data |
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| suggest relationships between sets of data |
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= measured length
scale bar label |
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measured length
magnification |
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| seen at the very level of increasing complexity, from the atom to the molecule, to the cell, to the organism, to the biosphere |
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Pluripotent, meaning they can become any type of cell except the embryonic membrane |
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Attachement, DNA transfer |
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Contains enzymes for metabolism |
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Region containing closed-loop DNA |
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Controls entry and exit of substances |
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How do Prokaryotes reproduce? |
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Binary ("Two") Fission ("Splitting") |
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Controls entry and exist of nutrients and waste |
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Converts sugars to ATP (a more useful way to store energy) |
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Produces proteins to be used by the cell |
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Breaks down nutrient molecules and dead cell parts for recycling |
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Modifies and "packages" proteins produced in the RER to be exported by the cell via exocytosis |
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Contains enzymes and solutes needed for metabolic reactions within the ccell, as well as dissolving mineral ions, nutrients, and waste |
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The cell parts beyond the plasma membrane
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Extracellular Component in Plant Cells |
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Extracellular Component of Animal Cells |
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Glycoprotein Cell Receptors |
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Glycoprotein Cell Receptors |
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Aid in cell adhesion, communication, transfer and immunity |
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Functions of Plasma Membrane |
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Definition
- Hold the cell together
- Control what goes in and out (diffusion, osmosis, active transport)
- Protect the cell
- Allow the cell to recognize and be recognized (cell signaling and immunity)
- Bind to other cells and molecules
- A site for biochemical reactions (enzymes and areas for reactions)
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Hydrophilic phospate heads attract water
Hydrophobic hydrocarbon tails repell water |
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Enzymes- Sites for chemical reactions
Pumps- for active transport of molecules |
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Combine with carbohydrates to make chemical receptors on the surface |
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Peripheral Proteins aka... |
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Act as receptors and regognize other cells |
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Affects membrane fluidity at different termperatures |
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Carry molecules through the plasma membrane |
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The passive net movement of molecules from regions of high concentration to low concentration |
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Overall movement (molecules move all the time in all directions) |
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Factors affecting the rate of diffusion of a solute across a membrane |
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Definition
- Temperature
- Concentration Gradient
- Surface Area
- Lenth of Diffusion Path
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Ways of maximizing SA for absorption |
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Definition
- Alveoli in lungs
- membrane folds in mitochondria and in cristae in the chloroplasts
- Root hairs for wawter and mineral ion uptake
- Villi for absortpion of digested food molecules
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The passive net movement of particles from regions of high concentration to low concentraion, through a selectively permeable membrane, assisted by carrier proteins |
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| Integral globular proteins in the plasma membrane that alllow some molecules to pass through; specific to molecules which are determined by the polar regions on the proteins |
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| The passive net movement of water molecules from regiosn of low solute concentration to high solute concentration, through a partially/selectively permeable membrane |
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| Uses energy, ATP, to move molecules against a concentration gradient, using membrane protein pupmps |
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The export of macromolecules from the cell |
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The import of macromolecules |
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The ingestion of solid molecules |
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The ingestion of liquids and solutes |
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| The division of the eukaryote nucleus, making sure that each new daughter cell gets a full set of chromosomes and is therefore genetically identical to the parent cell |
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Cell spends most of its time here
(G1, S, G2) |
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