Term
| What is the "neuron within the neuron"? |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 reasons ER is important in terms of synaptic plasticity |
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Definition
1. it is a calcium sink that can rapidly sequester or store free calcium
2. it is a calcium store than can release calcium in response to second messengers |
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Term
| 3 "compartments" of a pyramidal cell important for LTP |
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Definition
1. soma
2. dendrite
3. spines |
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Term
| 2 ER receptors that can mediate calcium release |
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Definition
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Term
| RyRs are most abundant ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| Ryanodine receptors mediate what is called ______ |
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Definition
| calcium-induced calcium release (CICR) |
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Term
| IP3Rs are sensitive to calcium but are primarily activated by ______, a second messenger synthesized by the activation of mGluRs |
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Definition
| inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3) |
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Term
| G proteins, short for guanine nucleotide binding proteins, are a family of proteins involved in ______ |
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Definition
| second messenger cascades |
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Term
| What is two photon microscopy used for (in terms of studying LTP types & various sources of calcium) |
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Definition
| imaging calcium waves in different compartments of the neuron |
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Term
| In modern physics, the _____ is the elementary particle responsible for electromagnetic phenomena |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a technique which typically combines microscopy with calcium sensitive fluorescent dyes in order to measure & visualize intracellular calcium concentrations |
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Term
| 3 observations made by Raymond et al. by using combined techniques of intracellular recording & calcium imaging in different compartments of the neuron |
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Definition
1. 1 theta burst activated calcium only in the spine compartment that was prevented by antagonizing RyRs
2. 2 theta burst stimulated calcium in the dendritic compartment prevented by antagonizing IP3Rs
3. 3 theta burst produce calcium in the soma that was prevented by antagonizing vdCCs |
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Term
| What does it mean for mGluRs when a weak stimulus is applied? |
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Definition
| not enough glutamate release to activate mGluRs |
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Term
| calcium source necessary for LTP1 |
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Definition
| combination of NMDA-dependent calcium & calcium released from the spine |
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Term
| calcium source necessary for LTP2 |
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Definition
| both NMDA-associated calcium & calcium released by IP3Rs in the dendrites |
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Term
| LTP3 is consistent with the ______ model of genomic signaling |
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Definition
| action potential-dependent |
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Term
| Does calcium released from the ER contribute to local protein synthesis? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does calcium influx into the dendrite by activation of the NMDARs relate to the induction of LTP2 & LTP3 |
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Definition
| necessary but not sufficient |
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Term
| Excitatory connections onto pyramidal neurons depend almost exclusively on ______ |
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Definition
| synaptic contacts on dendritic spines |
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Term
| Can activity-induced changes in synaptic strength be brought about by changes in the properties of individual spines? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is the dendritic spine a fundamental unit of information storage? |
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Definition
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Term
| main cytoskeleton protein filament responsible for regulating spike shape & size |
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Definition
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Term
| 4 reasons F-actin is important in promoting synaptic strength |
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Definition
1. elongated spines may assist in forming contact with presynaptic terminals
2. F-actin appears to be important in AMPAR membrane stabilization, as decreases in F-actin are associated with decrease in AMPAR membrane expression
3. F-actin may help transport newly activated proteins within the dendritic spine
4. other key proteins may anchor on the F-actin scaffold in the activated spine |
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Term
| Cadherins are reorganized by an _______-inducing stimulus |
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Definition
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Term
| What does it mean to make a spine "less plastic"? |
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Definition
| less likely to be changed by excitatory inputs that it will receive in the future |
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Term
| Once spine structural changes take place, the spine can more rapidly diffuse the increased ______ resulting from NMDA receptor activation |
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Definition
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Term
| When spines become large, do they become more or less plastic/modifiable? |
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Definition
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Term
| Are new synapses quite plastic? |
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Definition
| yes! (if properly stimulated, they have the capacity to have their strength modified & thus be able to store new information) |
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Term
| 2 ways in which spines change after LTP induction |
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Definition
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Term
| long-term depression (LTD) |
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Definition
| an activity-dependent reduction in the efficacy of neuronal synapses lasting hours or longer following a patterned stimulus |
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Term
| Bienenstock, Cooper, Munro model (BCM model - 1982) |
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Definition
| explains how the type of calcium signal leads to both LTP & LTD |
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