Term
| What is Public Involvement? |
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Definition
-Goal is to reach better decisions
-It is more than public relations
-It is not selling public on a particular plan
-Nor is it a means of achieving consensus bc not everyone is going to agree
-It is listening more than talking
-It includes a range of alternative techniques |
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Term
| Why should we involve the public? |
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Definition
-The demand for direct public involvement is related to trust
-Agencies must get citizen buy in
-people have a right to be involved in decisions that affect their lives |
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Term
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Definition
-Only serves certain groups (Over represented and under represented groups)
-The citizen must often initiate the inquiry
-Agency Meetings are too formal
-Takes place after positions have solidified |
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Term
| Four functions of public involvement |
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Definition
1. Giving and getting information
-Two informal functions:
A. Giving info to public
B. Getting info from public
-One way
-Good technique for disseminating info
2. Interaction with the public
-Involves planner and public jointly
-Two way communication
-Both groups ask questions and respond
-Public and agency work together to make a decision
3. Assuring the public
-Make sure public knows opinion has been heard
4. Ritualism
-Legal law to involve public
-All stakeholder groups must be involved even if not affected |
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Term
| Representativeness of public involvement |
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Definition
-Identifying representative publics:
*Public meeting attendees often not representative
-There is no single public
-Public may be separated into a number of "publics" |
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Term
| Techniques of public involvement--How well do the serve the four functions? |
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Definition
1. PUBLIC MEETINGS
-Positives:
*Most common
*Giving info
*Achieves ritualism
>Regulation to advertise
>Refreshments at meeting
-Negatives
*Traditional format
>Getting info?
>Little or no info
>Little or no Assurance
>Representativeness uneven
Facilitating input-->
*Meeting should be small
*Breakup rooms or areas
*Plans should be presented informally
*Line drawings on butcher paper
*Informal dress and seating
*Feedback
2. FOCUS GROUP
-Positives:
*Giving/getting info
*Interaction
*Assurance
*Ritualism
-Negatives:
*Not enough representation
3. WORKSHOPS
-Positives:
*Giving/getting info
*Small groups
*Assurance
*Ritualism
*Potentially representative
-Negatives:
*Limited participation
*Potentially under represented
4. MAIL SURVEY
-Positives:
*Getting info
*Assurance
*Ritualism (Legal requirement)
*Potentially representative
-Negatives:
*Potentially underrepresented
*Giving Info? very little
*No interaction
*Non-response bias
5. CHARETTES
-Positives:
*Evaluate an actual model
*Small group interaction
*Real working groups
*Potentially representative
-Negatives:
*Few individuals involved
*Potentially underrepresented
6. OBSERVATION
-Positives:
*Observation of behaviors to make decisions
*Useful application?
-Negatives:
*No getting/giving info
*No interaction
*No assurance
*No ritualism
*No representative
7. WALK ABOUT
-Positive:
*Evaluate actual situation
*Getting/giving info
*Great interaction
*Reassurance
-Negatives:
*Ritualism
*Few people involved |
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Term
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Definition
PAI- Potentially affected individual
Informed consent- People may not agree with the plan, but they are informed and agree with the terms |
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Term
| What are destination and touring zones? |
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Definition
Destination Zone:
-Qualities that attract visitors for an extended time
-Lots to see and do
-More developed services
Touring Zone:
-Scenic route people can drive through
-Make short stops at touring types attractions or to use basic services
-Don't draw tourists for overnight stays |
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Term
| Components of a Destination Zone |
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Definition
1. Attraction clusters
2. Community
3. Circulation corridor (into DZ)
4. Linkages (Link up attractions) |
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Term
| Components of a Touring Zone |
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Definition
1. Scenic route
-Highway; ORV, hiking/biking trail; river
2. Drop-off attractions
-Scenic overlook, historic site
3. Basic services
-Gas stations, bathrooms, convenience stores |
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Term
| Typical destination zone configurations |
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Definition
1. Single destination zone
-Origin --> Single destination
2. En route destination zone
-Origin -->Secondary
-->Secondary
-->Primary
3. Base camp destination zoone
-Origin -->Primary
>Secondary
>Secondary
>Secondary
4. Regional destination zone
-Origin --> Destination zone
--> Destination Zone
(Go into region and tour around)
5. Trip chaining destination zone
-Visiting a place larger than just a region |
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Term
| Misunderstandings about destination zones |
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Definition
-Not singularly defined
-Not fixed boundaries
-Not of one type
-Best zones ARE NOT developed by private sector (Public sector as well)
-Zones succeed best where tourism IS NOT the only economic provider
-Zone identification does NOT assure success |
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Term
| What is 'sense of place'? |
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Definition
| The mental construct of the temporal-spatial experience that occurs as the individual ascribes meaning to settings, through environmental perception and cognition |
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Term
| Why is sense of place a popular idea in tourism? |
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Definition
-The unique characteristics of a destination that give that place special meaning
-Maintaining the unique qualities of a place should be an important goal of planning and regulation
-Why?
*To prevent the homogenization of the world |
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Term
| What are the attributes that contribute to an area's sense of place? |
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Definition
1. Age
2. Culture
3. Climate
4. Buildings
5. Unique natural beauty
6. Craftsmanship
7. Memories |
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Term
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Definition
???? Not in notes or slides ???
--Online definition:
*An area of ground on which a town, building or monument is constructed |
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Term
| Who are the important players at the site level? |
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Definition
-Urban and regional planners
-Landscape and interior designers
-Contractors
-Owners/developers
-Money lenders
-Construction industry
-Managers |
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Term
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Definition
1. Setting Goals and Objectives
-Develop 4 or 5 Goals for the site develop
-Start with Gunn’s goals?
-Goals specific to the site?
2. Market Analysis
-For every tourism project at the site scale, understanding the potential travel user is absolutely essential
-Use a market analyst to assess current and potential markets
3. Program Statement
-A listing and description of what is to be designed.
-owner should have a clear estimate of the size of the project, the number, type, function, and quality levels of structure, and general configuration of layout
4. Site Analysis
-Constructed elements (e.g. buildings, roads, walk, electric lines, legal and physical boundaries, public easements)
-Natural Resources
-Perceptual characteristics (aesthetic characteristics, smell and sounds, etc.)
-surrounding land uses
-stream and drainage sources
-negative influences of sounds and smells
-aesthetic influences
-external utilities
-transportation and access
5. Synthesis of research
-Try to derive meaning from the great amount of research findings
-Synthesize data and try to make sense of it all
6. Site selection
-The ideal process brings designers into the site selection process
*Costs
-Considerations in site selection?
*Size, natural resources, accessability
-After narrowing the choice to one site, cooperative discussions between designers and owners may result in modifying the program
7. Conceptual Design
-Draw up a sketch plan or preliminary plan - maybe 2 or 3 alternative plans
-Shows protected areas, all program use areas, circulation systems (drives, walks, parking), and entrances
-Costs associated with each design
8. Feasibility Factors
-Financial feasibility?
* Incremental steps
*Loans
-Environmental, Social environment, and sense of place feasibility?
9. Final Plan
-After the most feasible alternative sketch plan has been selected, final plans for development can be prepared
-Sketch plan generalities now need detailed refinement
-Final plans include three main documents:
*construction drawings
*specifications
*the contract
10. Evaluation
-Both owners and designers need to assess how well the design met its objectives
-Feedback from visitors, managers, and local residents can provide needed enlightenment |
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Term
| Four basic tools for planning? |
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Definition
1. Master plan
-'Blueprint for growth'
*Comprehensive plan
*Big picture
*Sets goals and objectives
*Directs long term comprehensive picture
*update on a regular basis
2. Zoning
-Legal tool that provides order to use of land
-Regulates uses to seperate incompatible uses and provides a good mix
3. Subdivision Ordinances
-Legal tool to divide raw land in delvelopable pieces
-Says how land will be divided
*For size
*Provide services and roads
*Tell you what minimum consrtuction standards are
4. Capital Improvements Program
-Anticipates the needs of the public and creates a sensible plan for providing them
-Gov't can provide certain services more cheaply than we can
-Paid for with tax $$
-More project is needed by entire population, the higher the priority |
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Term
| Concept of 'Compact Urban Form' |
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Definition
-Business on ground level, housing above
-Allows for reduced traffic and easy accessible work/shopping/living |
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Term
| Goals of design guidelines |
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Definition
1. To help preserve a community's character
2. To emphasize quality which creates value as well as a legacy to future generations
3. Adopt ground rules to be understood and followed by all
4. Reduce or limit mediocre building |
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Term
| Ten principles of good design |
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Definition
1. Respect the land
-New buildings can be intrusive. They should fit in.
-Landscaping not a good disguise for bad design
-Buildings should not dominate the landscape – should carefully blend with it.
2. Hierarchy
-Development has a recognizable hierarchy of design that is obvious to the observer.
-Size and location emphasize a building’s public importance.
-Public buildings take the highest place of importance. Their hierarchy represents our values as well as our social organization.
-Buildings themselves have an internal hierarchy or order: entrances, circulation, public rooms, private rooms, information.
3. Scale
-Humans are the measure of all things. We are the “Golden Mean”.
-Buildings must first relate to humans and then their location.
-Sometimes a great building may dominate a city, but it will be the type of building that reflects our noblest aspirations.
-This vision must be counter-balanced with small-scale buildings that reflect our intimate lives.
4. Harmony
-Just like music, it’s the playing together of all the parts.
-Each building must be in tune with its neighbor.
-Harmony can be achieved with materials, rhythm, layout, mass and scale. Also with architectural details like roof pitch, openings, balconies, and railings.
-It’s particularly important in older towns where you have an existing “fabric”. New buildings should fit in with the old.
5. Enclosure
-This makes a place individualized and unique.
-It defines the limits of space associated with the building, both public and private.
-In resort planning, people look for enclosed places for concentration of activities, safe locations to linger and watch people, shelter from the weather, and places where they are specifically made to feel welcome.
-Examples include entrances, plazas, arcades, courtyards, and gardens.
6. Materials
-Each town or region has a specific style, a different hue, which fosters a fierce loyalty in those who belong there or have a connection with it.
-If proper materials are used and maintained, it’s not readily apparent to visitors. If not, it’s readily apparent.
7. Details and decoration
-“The Gods are in the Details”.
-Traditionally, buildings reflected the work of artisans and represented a gift to the community from the owner.
-Modern buildings incorporate little or no detailing.
-“Modern buildings no longer please or thrill us. They leave us cold. -Integration of details gives a building its character, its life, its interest”.
8. Signs and Lighting
-These are CRITICAL ELEMENTS that must be regulated.
-When they are done well, they can do everything to enhance a community. When done wrong, they can DESTROY it.
-Rather than trying to out-shout and out-sell each other, businesses can all whisper and work very effectively.
Again, the human scale is what we need to design for. Unfortunately, we usually end up designing for WHAT?.
9. Landscape Elements
-The unifying element, subtle but critical.
-Includes practical requirements like grading, drainage, and snow storage. ---Fences and walls, delineate boundaries. Chain link is out!
-Landscaping and paving create interest and identify zones where visitors are welcome.
-Streetscape features must be considered for residents and tourists alike: bus shelters, tree grates, rest rooms, kiosks, trash receptacles, banners, light fixtures.
-Opportunities for public art should be incorporated into landscape design. Art confers on buildings and public spaces their unique social and symbolic identity
10. Community
-People should be involved from the beginning in the improvement of their own surroundings.
-They are there to be “worked with” not “planned for”.
-Participation cannot be required or imposed. You must encourage participation in order to create ownership within the community.
-Even in larger cities, it can happen at the neighborhood level. Pride, belonging, ownership, sense of place can all be achieved through local involvement.
-Give it to the residents to put their fingerprints on. |
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Term
Districting strategies and mapping:
What are they?
What qualities do they protect?
How do you use other types of regulations to protect the districts' special qualities? |
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Definition
1. What are they?
-Designating different districts or zones based on different qualities
2. What qualities?
-Historical, cultural, recreational, natural, arts, shopping, red light
3. How do you use regulations?
-By creating performance standards |
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Term
| What are Performance Standards of quality control stategies |
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Definition
-Legal restrictions – regulate physical aspects of development
-Can mandate certain standards
-First, identify broad goals
-Second, select policies to promote goals
-Last, enact clear and precise technical standards |
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Term
| Types of performance standards of quality control strategies |
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Definition
1. Development density
*Low, medium, high
2. Floor area ratios and lot coverage
3. Building height
4. Architectural and design standards
*Materials used, color, style
5. Landscaping standards
6. Sign controls
7. Viewscape controls
8. Utility line controls
9. Noise regulations |
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Term
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Definition
| Community gets a measure of what it wants, in exchange for giving developers what they want |
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Term
| What influences evaluations of quantity? |
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Definition
1.Site:
-Lescaux Caves, France: tourists’ breathing destroyed paintings (1 visitor is too many); replicas in museum
-New York: throngs of tourists part of vitality (9/11)
2.Host community & visitors:
-Cultural differences between hosts and guests
-Hawaii: Asian visitors more “prized” than US visitors because they spend more in local economy
-North America: Hell’s Angels conventions not often greeted with enthusiasm by local community
3. Time of use:
-Ski areas: snow protects alpine vegetation in winter; exposed to erosion & trampling in summer
-Cruise industry: unloads passengers who descend on tourist area “en masse” |
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Term
| Types of quantity Management Strategies |
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Definition
1. Preservation rules strategies
-Some places almost universally agreed as deserving of special protection (e.g., Pyramids, Easter Island)
-Protect if danger of losing special qualities from use:
*zoning (e.g., ROS), “sensitive locations”
*permit systems, noise regulations
*stringent use limitations to prohibition of access
*statutorily enforceable
*Purchase of Development Rights Plan:
>protect farm land from development (e.g., 2nd homes)
>owner gives up rights to develop land in return for payment for value of development rights
>fair market value (minus) value without ability to develop (=) development rights (compensation to owner)
>good: land is protected from development, farming not compromised, farmers access $ without selling land
>bad: expensive, most farmers want to sell to highest bidder, scattered protection & development
2. Growth limitation strategies
-Controls for places not requiring preservation
-Area determines it cannot support any more growth beyond an identified range & imposes regulations that limit growth to maximum sustainable level
-Most easily applied to places with unchangeable borders (e.g., islands, parks)
-Combination of techniques most successful
*access fees
*do not publicize “hidden” attractions in maps / books
*no signage to direct tourists to “local’s places”
*restrict new building, upgrade existing infrastructure
*moratoriums, limits on bed units
*limit number of cruise ships, buses (en masse)
*limit parking, limit access points
3. Incremental growth strategies
-More common; community starts to feel burden imposed by tourism & thinks about some measures
-Community character analysis: not how much tourism area can support (carrying capacity), rather what kind of place community wishes it to be
-Similar mechanisms as growth management strategies, but for shorter periods of time
-Assume change & adapt (adaptive management)
-High degree of monitoring
Combination of:
*legal regulation (e.g., zoning, moratorium on development, permit systems, design standards)
*economic policy (e.g., tax credit, noncompliance fee)
*management tools (e.g., traffic management) |
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Term
| What are purchase of development rights? |
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Definition
-Purchase of Development Rights Plan:
*protect farm land from development (e.g., 2nd homes)
*owner gives up rights to develop land in return for payment for value of development rights
*fair market value – value without ability to develop = development rights (compensation to owner)
*good: land is protected from development, farming not compromised, farmers access $ without selling land
*bad: expensive, most farmers want to sell to highest bidder, scattered protection & development |
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