What is the medical terminology definition of Anatomy? 

What does it mean?

"Ana-" means up

"tome" means cutting

Anatomy is the science and structure of the body and the relation of its parts. 

applied, artificial, artistic, clinical, comparative, dental, descriptive, developmental, gross, histologic, neurological, physiological, radiological, regional, surface, surgical, topographic

The individual as an integrated set of anatomical mechanisms, is represented by what three basic types?

I.  movement/manipulation (body wall)

II. homeostasis (viscera)

III. executive functions (brain + spinal cord)

I.  movement/manipulation (body wall)

II. homeostasis (viscera)

III. executive functions (brain + spinal cord)

1. Integumentary (skin)
2. Osteological (bone)
3. Muscular

• Tissue support system function: blood supply (arteries); blood drainage (veins); tissue fluid filtering/drainage (lymph vessels, nodes); regulation (CNS, PNS)
• Organ system functions: cardiovascular; cardiopulmonary; GI; musculoskeletal; nervous (CNS, PNS, ANS); urinary; reproductive 

Identify the demographics, history, symptoms, anatomical localization, and symptoms temporal qualities in the paragraph below

“A 46 year-old woman is brought by ambulance to the hospital; she is in acute distress with symptoms of severe pain in the right upper abdominal region.  In the past she had repeated attacks of severe pain in the upper right quadrant of the abdomen, frequently following a heavy meal. These attacks were accompanied by nausea and vomiting.  She suffers from indigestion and “gas pain on her stomach.” particularly after eating fatty foods.”

• Demographics: 46 year old, woman, 
• History: "In the past she had repeated attacks of severe pain in the upper right quadrant of the abdomen, frequently following a heavy meal. These attacks were accompanied by nausea and vomiting."
• Symptoms: acute distress, severe pain, indigestion, gas pain
• Anatomical Localization: Right upper abdominal region, "on her stomach"
• Symptom temporal quality: "after eating fatty foods"

  regionàbodycavityàsub-regionàorgan (viscera)

      B.  SYSTEMS SUPPORT = those homeostatic

    systems providing for the continual maintenance

     for the target tissues:

    arterial supply, venous drainage, lymphatic   drainage, nervous innervation

1. Posterior aspect cavity
2. thoracic
3. abdominopelvic

• mediastinum
• pleural cavity
• pericardial cavity
• diaphragm

• arteries
• veins
• lymphatics (heart not included)
• nerves (PNS, but not CNS)

• arteries
• veins
• lymphatics
• coronary circulation
• nerves (PNS, but not CNS)

These components are all supported by:

• arteries
• veins
• lymphatics
• coronoary circulation
• nerves (PNS, but not CNS)

• Systemic Anatomy deals with parts of a particular body system (e.g. cardiovascular (CV), cardiopulmonary system (CP), gastrointestinal system (GI). Thus, systemic anatomy can span over multiple regions.
• Regional Anatomy deals with anatomy of the individual regions of the body (e.g. head, neck, thorax). A partiuclar region may house parts of one or more anatomical systems. 

arterial supply

venous drainage

lymphatic filtering

innervation from nerves

Dr. Hisley Test Tip:

Anything "boxed" on the powerpoint slides will be on the test.

What are the hierarchal anatomies of the liver?

(Reference Lecture 8, slide #10)

• Systemic anatomy: it is part of hte GI system
• Regional anatomy: located in the abdomen
• Subregional anatomy: right upper abdominal quadrant
• Target anatomy localization: the liver is the target anatomy localization. 

1. What is collateral circulation?
2. How is this concept unique in the brain?

1. It is an alternative arterial pathway between two points of the body. 

E.g. If an artery needs to get from point A to point B, but its main vessel is blocked, the body has alternative vessels which branch from the main vessel to allow blood to flow from A to B. The points at which this alternate blood vessel branches from and reconnects to the main vessel is an anastomosis. 

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2.This concept is unique in the brain because it does not exist in this area. The brain is home to "end" or "terminal" arteries. This means that particular brain tissues receive only one supply of oxygenated blood. Thus, anastomoses do not exist in the brain

Subclavian branches into internal thoracic.

Internal thoracic anastomosis with the posterior intercostal artery (which is connectected to the aorta).

• Frontal plane (coronal)
• Median plane
• Sagittal plane
• Transverse plane

superficial

deep/investing fascia

These link the skin with the underlying structures.

ANS = smooth muscles

Somatic nervous system = striated muscles

Efferent = ventral part of spinal cord

Sensory = dorsal

• Arteries
• can be squiggly
• thicker walls
• relatively elastic
• Veins
• thinner than arteries
• sometimes collapsed
• relatively elastic
• Nerves
• thin, flat
• non-elastic (high tensile strength)

General senosory afferent

deals with receiving cutaneous, sensory signals

Special Visceral Efferent

These are striated muscles which develop as part of the pharnygeal arches (e.g. muscle of fascial expression

Oligodendrocites = always engluf multiple nerve fibers

Schwan cells = envelop single nerve fibers

• dermatome = is based on cutaneous information (e.g. general somatic afferent)
• myotome = deals with nervous fiber which goes to muscles

• pre ganglionic fibers
• short in SNS, long in PNS
• post ganglionic fibers
• long in SNS, short in PNS
• root ganglia
• close to the spinal cord in SNS
• close to the target organ/tissue in PNS

• located above the right ventricle 
• Fills with deoxygenated blood from the SVC and IVC during atrial diastole, and pumps this volume into the right ventricle during atrial systole

What is the location and function of the lobar pulmonary arteries?

How many lobar pulmonary arteries are there?

• right ventricle > pulmonary trunk > x2 pulmonary arteries > Lobar pulmonary arteries
• carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs for oxygenation. 
• right lung = 3 lobar pulmary arteries
• left lung = 2 lobar pulmonary arteries

• located between the lung and left atrium
• there are 4 total: left superior and left inferior pulmonary veins; right superior and inferior pulmonary veins
• transport oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium

• respiratory portion: only portion that contains alveoli
• conducting portion

The somatic control of the respiratory system causes the diaphragm and associated respiratory muscles to rhythmically expand and contract

PANS: contriction and increased secretion

SANS: opposite of PANS

true: bottom fold

false: top fold

1. common carotid artery
2. internal juglar vein
3. vagus nerve

1. What does regional anatomy study?
2. How is it performed

1. Regional anatomy (topographical anatomy) is the method of studying the body's structure by focusing attention on a specific part, examining the arrangement and reltionships of the various systemic structures within it, and then continuing to study adjacent regions in an ordered sequences.
2. It is performed through surface anatomy (visualize structures that confer contour to the surface), physical examination, palpation, observation, listening, radiographic and sectional imaging, prosection, and dissection, 

1. What is "systemic anatomy"?
2. What parts does its study invovle?
3. What are "super systems"? Example?

1. systemic anatomy is the study of the body's organ systems that work together to carry out complex functions
2. It invovles studying these systems of the body: integumentary, skeletal, articular, muscular, nervous, circulatory (cardiovascular + lymphatic), alimentary/digestive, respiratory, urinary, genital/reproductive, and endocrine.
3. a supersystem invovles the combination of systems above to produce an action. An example is the locomotor system (which directly involves the skeletal, articular, and muscular systems). 

1. What is "clinical anatomy"?
2. What parts does it study?
3. How are thought processes different in clinical anatomy, compared to other methods of studying anatomy? 
4. Example of #3?

1. Clinical anatomy is applied anatomy, and studies aspects of bodily structure and function important in the practice of medicine, dentistry, adnd allied health sciences.
2. If studies the parts of "regional anatomy" and "systemic anatomy".
3. Thought processes are revsed in clinical anatomy compared to regional and systemic. 
4. Whereas regional and systemic anatomy would ask "What nerve procides innervation to this area of the skin," clinical anatomy asks "Numbness in this area indicates a lesion of which nerve?"

1. protection 
2. containment
3. heat regulation
4. sensation
5. synthesis and storage of vitamin D

from superfiical to deep:

1. epidermis
2. dermis
3. subcutaneous tissue
4. deep fascia

beneath the deep fascia is muscle

1. contains neurovascular structures which provide sensation to the superficial layers of skin
2. procides most of the body's fat storage

length and density deteremine the mobility of the skin over deep structures

1. longer and fewer skin ligaments (eg. back of hand) are in areas where skin is more mobile.
2. shorter and fewer skin ligaments (eg. palm of hand) are in areas where skin is is less mobile and more firmly attached to teh underlying deep fascia

1. aka cleavage lines, spiral longitudinalyl in the limbs and run transverely int he neck and trunk. in the elbows, knees, ankles, adn wrists ,they are parallel to the creases that appear in those parts when they are flexed.
2. clinically, incisions should be made PARALLEL to the tensions lines. This results in less gaping, faster healing, and less scar tissue. 

1. intermuscular septa: divide muscles into groups
2. investing fascia: invest individual muscles and neurovascular bundles
3. subserous fascia: lie between musculoskeletal walls and the serous membranes lining body cavities
4. reinacula: hold tendons in place during joint movements

• are closed sacs formed of serious membrane that occur in locations subject to friction.
• they enable one structure to move freely over another

1. potential spaces are fascial planes (inerfascial and intrafascial) between adjacent fascia or fascia-lined structures, or within loose areolar, fascia, such as the subserous fascia. 
2. surgeons separate structures to create spaces that alow movement and access to deeply placed structures. 

1. cartilage
2. bone
3. periosteum (surrounds bone)
4. perichondrium (surrounds cartilage)
5. spongy bone
6. compact bone

1. long
2. short
3. flat
4. irrefular
5. sesamoid

1. intramembraneous ossificaiton
2. endochondral ossificaiton

• cartilaginous epiphysial plates intervene betwen the diaphysis (ends) and diaphysis (shaft), preventing their fusion during bone growth. 
• these plates are located just superior and inferior to the metaphysis (where the shaft flares into the epiphysis) on each ends of the bone.

1. a joint is a union between two or more bones or rigid parts of the skeleton
2. there are 3 types: fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial. 
3. synovial joints are most common

1. plane
2. hinge
3. saddle
4. condyloid
5. ball and socket
6. pivot

• irrigated by articular arteries that form anastomoses
• drained by articular veins originating in the synovial membrane
• richly innervated by articular nerves

• proprioception is an awareness of movemetn and position of parts of the body.
• this sensation is conveyed by the articlular nerves which innervate the synovial joints.