Term
How many in US affected by toxo?
Worldwide? |
|
Definition
60 million
500 million worldwide |
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Term
| What is the leading cause of death due to foodborne illness in US? |
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Definition
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Term
| In which climates is toxo more prevalent? |
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Definition
Warm, moist, low altitude
High cat populations
Regions where they eat undercooked meat |
|
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Term
|
Definition
CATS!
Birds and Mice may also |
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Term
| How do humans contract toxo? |
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Definition
| Fecal oocysts (from the cat) are either in food or directly ingested by, air, water, soil, litter box and food. |
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Term
| Main tissue where the toxoplasmosis gondii organism lodges |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 forms/stages of toxoplasmosis |
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Definition
Tachyzoite-active and mobile
Bradyzoite-dormant |
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Term
| Manifestations of acquired toxo |
|
Definition
Usually asymptomatic
If there are symptoms:
-non tender cervical lymphadenopathy
-flu like symptoms
-Maculopapuler rash that spares the palms and soles
-pneumonitis, hepatitis, myocarditis, encephalitis |
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Term
| How does stage of pregnancy correlate to risk of transmission of toxo to fetus? |
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Definition
| Later stages are associated with a greater risk of transmitting parasite to fetus |
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Term
| How does the stage of pregnancy at which toxo is contracted correlate to severity of congenital toxoplasmosis |
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Definition
| Earlier stages correlate to increased severity of manifestations |
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Term
| What is the most common cause of human retinochoroiditis? |
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Definition
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Term
| Manifestations of congenital toxoplasmosis |
|
Definition
Hydrocephaly/microcephaly
endocrine disorders
cerebral calcifications
rash
fever
psychomotor retardation
jaundice
lymphadenopathy
enlarged spleen
CSF abnormalities
80% eventually develop ocular complications
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Term
| Toxoplasmosis in immune-suppressed patient |
|
Definition
Multi-organ infection
same as acquired plus confusion
focal lesion sof non-viral etiology in CNS
Encephalitis, pneumonitis, myocarditis, retinochoroiditis
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Term
| Most common serological tests for Toxoplasmosis |
|
Definition
IgG then IgM if positive
-Enzyme Immune Assay (EIA)
-Indirect Fluorescent Antibody (IFA) |
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Term
| Which tests for toxo help to determine the time of infection in pregnant individuals |
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Definition
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Term
| Which serological test requires live toxo supply? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which toxo test is highly sensitive and specific and uses methylene blue? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name some conditions that may cause false positive results on serological tests for toxoplasmosis |
|
Definition
Many healthy people are seropositive
Those with RF or ANA in blood may give a positive result on ELISA or IFA |
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Term
| What may cause a false negative result on serological tests for toxoplasmosis? |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 situations where treatment of toxoplasmosis is mandated |
|
Definition
Treated if:
-newborn
-ocular lesions are recurrent and threaten macula, ON or papillomacular bundle
-immunocompromised with CNS or ocular complications |
|
|
Term
| How long is classic triple therapy for toxo given? |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 drugs included in classic triple therapy for toxo |
|
Definition
Pyrimethamine
Sulfadiazine
Leucovorin calcium |
|
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Term
|
Definition
rash
aplastic anemia
N&V
anorexia
abdominal cramps
dizziness
fever
malaise
dry mouth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Stevens Johnson Syndrome
aplastic anemia
hepatitis
acute renal failure
fever
dizziness
HA
N&V
diarrhea
rash/pruritis
photosensitivity
hematuria |
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|
Term
| Why is leucovorin calcium part of the treatment regimen for toxo? |
|
Definition
| It is folinic acid so it counters the folate deficiency caused by pyrimethamine |
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Term
|
Definition
Adrenal insufficiency
peptic ulcer
osteoporosis
N&V
Cataracts
HA
Mood swings
Hypertension
Hyperglycemia
etc. |
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|
Term
| Corticosteroids are contraindicated for which toxoplasmosis patients? |
|
Definition
| Immunosuppressed patients |
|
|
Term
| Describe toxo prevention methods |
|
Definition
Cook food thoroughly
Pregnant/immunocompromised avoid cat litter
Keep cats inside
Freeze meat a few days before using
Peel/wash food
General kitchen hygiene
Wear gloves when around soil
Teach children to wash hands |
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Term
| Primary hosts of toxocara canis |
|
Definition
Domestic animals, reactivated in female dogs during pregnancy
Transmitted to puppies |
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Term
| How is toxocara canis transmitted to humans |
|
Definition
Eggs in dog feces, also gets into the soil and can stay for months to years
Children especially can become infected from dirt or puppy or contaminated food |
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Term
| What areas of the US have higher rates of toxocara canis |
|
Definition
| South central and southeastern US |
|
|
Term
| Rate of infection of toxocara canis in US population of adults? children? |
|
Definition
14% of adults
30% of children |
|
|
Term
| What disease is caused by toxocara canis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the physiological reason for the manifestations of toxocara canis? |
|
Definition
| Related to larvae migration and subsequent inflammation |
|
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Term
| Systemic manifestations of toxocara canis |
|
Definition
Fever
abdominal pains
malaise
HA
anemia
anorexia
irritability
pneumonia
cough
wheezing
bronchitis
asthma
transient pulmonary infiltrates
spleen/liver enlargement
seizures
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Term
| Ocular manifestations of toxocara canis |
|
Definition
Unilateral mostly
Focal retinal granuloma (b/w macula and nerve head)
chorioretinitis
uveitis
endophthalmitis |
|
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Term
| Definitive test for diagnosis of toxocara canis |
|
Definition
Tissue biopsy
However not usually done |
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Term
| Lab tests for diagnosis of toxocara canis |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Which toxocara canis test is not useful in ophthalmic larva migrans? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| 2 methods for prevention of Toxocara canis infection |
|
Definition
Deworming puppies
Appropriate hygiene |
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Term
| How is mild disease from toxocara canis treated? |
|
Definition
Monitored by physician but usually self-limiting without treatment
|
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Term
| Treatment of severe disease caused by toxocara canis |
|
Definition
Steroids for respiratory and heart problems
Antihelmintic drugs |
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