Term
| Where does gas exchange take place, in the respiratory system? |
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Definition
Gas exchange takes place in the alveoli
*alveoli: other word for "grapes"* |
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Term
Which does not belong in the upper respiratory system?
a) lungs
b) pharynx
c) associated structures
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Definition
a) lungs
*Upper respiratory = nose + pharynx + associated structures* |
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Term
Which does not belong in the lower respiratory system?
a) lungs
b) pharynx
c) larynx
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Definition
b) pharynx
*lower respiratory = larynx + trachea + bronchi + lungs*
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Term
| Which structures control pulmonary ventilation? |
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Definition
Pulmonary ventilation/breathing is controlled by:
> respiratory mm
> intrapleural pressure
> elastic properties of lung tissue
*ventilation: gas exhange b/w internal environment of the body and external environment* |
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Term
Complete the sentence
... respiration is defined as exchange of gases between systemic capillaries and tissue cells |
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Definition
| Tissue/Internal/cellular respiration is defined as exchange of gases between systemic capillaries and tissue cells. |
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Term
Complete the sentence
...... zone: Zone where bronchioles and alveoli work for gas exchange |
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Definition
| Respiratory zone: Zone where bronchioles and alveoli work for gas exchange |
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Term
Complete the sentence
The conducting zone has airways filled with pseudo 1)... columnar epithelium, serous glands, mucus secreting goblet cells and cilia. |
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Definition
| The conducting zone has airways filled with pseudo 1)stratified columnar epithelium, serous glands, mucus secreting goblet cells and cilia. |
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Term
| Which structures make up the conducting zone? |
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Definition
| Conducting zone: nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchii, bronchioles |
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Term
| If the nose is impaired, which other structure will provide alternate entry for air? |
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Definition
the mouth
*risks: less protection from foreign particles, less humidification/warming of the air* |
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Term
| Which structure, if obstructed, will stop all ventilation? This is also the only area where food and air mix. |
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Definition
Pharynx
> obstruction from pharynx (from tongue or foreign body) stops all ventilation
> pharynx is where food and air mix |
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Term
| Which structure houses vocal cords? |
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Definition
larynx
> connects pharynx and trachea
> also houses thyroid cartilage, cricroid cartilage (lower part of pharynx), epiglottic cartilage |
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Term
| Which structures may you palpate to find the carina? |
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Definition
| carina: palpable at T4-T5 |
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Term
| What do you call the area where the trachea bifurcate to the left and right main bronchi? This structure plays a role in airway protection and cough stimulation. |
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Definition
carina
*highly sensitive region*
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Term
Complete the sentence
The .... blanket protects the respiratory system and entraps dust and foreign particles. |
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Definition
The mucociliary blanket protects the respiratory system and entraps dust and foreign particles.
*mucociliary blanket move mucus with entrapment particles superiorly toward the pharynx where it is expectorated or swallowed* |
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Term
Complete the sentence
The mucociliary blanket is stimulated by ... and suppressed by ...
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Definition
The mucociliary blanket is stimulated by cough and suppressed by dry air.
*noxious agents, thick mucus, cigarette smoke may damage/paralyze/kill cilia* |
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Term
| Left and right ... enter the lungs through slits called ... Inside the lung they split into ... bronchii which go to each of the lobes in the lungs |
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Definition
| Left and right primary bronchii enter the lungs through slits called hilum/hilus (sing). Inside the lung they split into secondary/lobar bronchii which go to each of the lobes in the lungs |
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Term
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Definition
Right lung has 3 lobes
> superior
> middle
> inferior (horizontal + oblique fissures) |
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Term
| How many lobes does the left lung contain? |
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Definition
Left lung
> 2 lobes: superior and inferior (1 oblique fissure) |
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Term
True or false?
Each lobule has its own blood and lymphatic supply |
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Definition
True
*lung tissue organized into lobules each wrapped in elastic tissue* |
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Term
Name these structures in order (what they split into):
bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, tertiary/segmental bronchii, lobar bronchii |
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Definition
1) Lobar bronchii
2) tertiary/segmental bronchii
3) bronchioles
4) terminal bronchioles
*terminal bronchioles are the last structure of the conducting zone* |
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Term
| Name the structures of the respiratory zone, from largest structures to split of small structures. |
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Definition
1) respiratory bronchioles
2) alveolar ducts
3) alveolar sacs
4) alveoli (continuous with terminal bronchioles) |
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Term
Complete the sentence
Alveoli are made of simple ... epithelium for diffusion and are supported by an elastic basement membrane. |
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Definition
| Alveoli are made of simple squamous epithelium for diffusion and are supported by an elastic basement membrane. |
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Term
| What do you call the superior aspect of a lung? |
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Definition
superior aspect = apex
*lungs: 2 cone-shaped organs in thoracic cavity* |
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Term
| What do you call the inferior aspect of a lung? |
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Definition
inferior aspect =base
*lungs: 2 cone-shaped organs in thoracic cavity* |
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Term
True or false?
Lungs are the 1st largest organ in the body |
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Definition
False
Lungs are the 2nd largest organ in the body |
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Term
| Which requires energy? Inspiration or expiration? |
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Definition
Inspiration = Σ req'd
Expiration = passive |
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Term
| Which layer of the pleura is pain sensitive? |
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Definition
Parietal layer = pain sensitive
> lines the wall of thoracic cavity
*pleura: double thin layered serous membrane encapsulating the lungs*
*can refer to back and shoulders* |
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Term
| Which layer of the pleura adheres to the surface of the lungs? |
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Definition
| visceral layer = adheres to the surface of the lungs |
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Term
(a or b) brings venous blood from right ventricle of heart to lungs to pick up oxygen.
a) Pulmonary artery
b) Pulmonary veins |
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Definition
Pulmonary artery brings venous blood from right ventricle of heart to lungs to pick up oxygen.
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Term
(a or b) takes oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium of heart which then is sent via aorta to body via left ventricle.
a) Pulmonary artery
b) Pulmonary veins |
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Definition
Pulmonary veins takes oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium of heart which then is sent via aorta to body via left ventricle.
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Term
| Which arteries provide lungs with nutrients and oxygen? |
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Definition
| Bronchial arteries provide lungs with nutrients and oxygen? |
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Term
Complete the sentence
In inspiration, thoracic volume ... and pulmonary pressure ... |
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Definition
| In inspiration, thoracic volume increases and pulmonary pressure decreases |
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Term
Complete the sentence
In expiration, thoracic volume ... and pulmonary pressure ... |
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Definition
| In expiration, thoracic volume decreases and pulmonary pressure increases |
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Term
Intercostals are mm of...
a) inspiration
b) expiration |
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Definition
| Intercostals are mm of expiration |
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Term
| Which stage of coughing requires the epiglottis to be closed? |
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Definition
| stage 2 of coughing: epiglottis must close, activation of accessory mm of forced exhalation contract = increase intrathoracic pressure (bronchii and trachea narrow) |
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Term
| A cough producing expectorant is defined as... |
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Definition
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Term
| a cough with adequate strength and co-ordination but may/may not be productive is defined as... |
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Definition
productive cough
*i.e.: strong but dry cough - still effective in loosening secretions to eventually be expelled* |
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Term
| Right sided heart failure is termed... |
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Definition
Cor pulmonale
*blockage on R lung can affect the heart* |
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Term
Impaired perfusion/gas exchange is an example of dyspnea from the
a) pulmonary system
b) cardiovascular system
c) musculoskeletal system |
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Definition
Impaired perfusion/gas exchange is an example of dyspnea from the cardiovascular system.
*eg: atherosclerosis, pulmonary embolism* |
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