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period of intense artistic and intellectual activity, said to be a "rebirth of Greco-Roman culture. Usually divided into an Italian Renaissance, from roughly the mid-fourteenth to mid-fifteenth century, and a Northern (trans-Alpine) Renaissance, from roughly the early fifteenth to early seventeenth century
-cultural revival, rich got richer poor got poorer, few women gained equality, rising prices |
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central administration of the Roman Catholic Church, of which the pope is the head
-Europe, esp. in the N, 1500-1750
-could sell indulgences, (at this time) didn't follow the rules, weren't supposed to have families, believed in "100% devotion to god" |
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The forgiveness of the punishment due for past sins, granted by the Catholic Church authorities as a reward for a pious act. Martin Luther's protest against the sale of indulgences is often seen as touching off the Protestant Reformation
-Europe, 1500-1750
-made for when the papacy was broke, targeted to the poor, raised funds for the basilica,seen by many as abusive |
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religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church beginning in 1519. It resulted in the "protesters forming several new Christian denominations, including the Lutheran and Reformed Churches and the Church of England
-rejected pope's authority, lead by Martin Luther, salvation could only come through Jesus Christ, used printing press to spread ideas |
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Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church, begun in response to the Protestant Reformation. It clarified Catholic theology and reformed clerical training and discipline
-1540, Catholic Europe
-Catholosism defended by France and spain, creation of Jesuits, started "wars of religion in W. Europe", used the inquisition to enforce in Spain |
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The pursuit of people suspected of witchcraft, especially in northern Europe in the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries
-targeted single women, continued in Salem, Mass., Normally the town healers,satisfied a desire for revenge for some |
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| The intellectual movement in Europe, initially associated with planetary motion and other aspects of physics, that by the seventeenth century had laid the groundwork for modern science
-printing press helped to spread ideas, pamphlets handed out at coffeehouses, |
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A philosophical movement in eighteenth-century Europe that fostered the belief that one could reform society by discovering rational laws that governed social behavior and were just as scientific as the laws of physics, Europe
-reexamined human nature, branched from sci. revolution, leaders spent lots of time in jail/exile, faced opposition from religion and politics |
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In early modern Europe,(1500-1750) the class of well-off town dwellers whose wealth came from manufacturing, finance, commerce, and allied professions.
-invested money in new ventures and improved old ones, beginning of the upper middle class, could afford some luxery goods and servants, lived comfortably, larger houses |
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A business, often backed by a government charter, that sold shares to individuals to raise money for its trading enterprises and to spread the risks (and profits) among many investors
-Europe, 1500-1750
-soften losses to individuals, Dutch east and West India companties,sold STOCK, increased economic growth |
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A place where shares in a company or business enterprise are bought and sold
-17th-18th centuries, Europe
-beginnings of modern capitalism, biggest was Amsterdam Exchange, large insurance companies came w/this, Wall Street (today) |
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landholding families in England below the aristocracy
-England and France 1650-1750
-gentry in ancient China, loaned money to peasants, sought aristocratic husbands for their daughters, could gain tax exemption |
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century-long period of cool climate that began in the 1590s. Its ill effects on agriculture in northern Europe were notable
-reason for less agricultural development,average temp only fell a few degrees, caused by volcanic eruption, late frosts would kill plants and caused famines |
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The removal of trees faster than forests can replace themselves
-Northern Europe, 1500-1750
-increased poverty for the poor,still a problem today,coal became the 2nd fossil fuel, high price for wood |
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Loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor elected by the princes. It lasted from 962 to 1806
-made of city-states and principalities, some republics, promoted religious unity, political diversity |
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powerful European family that provided many Holy Roman Emperors, founded the Austrian (later Austro-Hungarian) Empire, and ruled sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Spain
-Charles V came from here, defended Catholic Doctrine in the imperial diet, started German Wars of Religion, ???x2 |
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-A conflict over royal versus. Parliamentary rights, caused by King Charles I's arrest of his parliamentary critics and ending with his execution. Its outcome checked the growth of royal absolutism and, with the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and the English Bill of Rights of 1689, ensured that England would be a constitutional monarchy
-England,1642-1649
-defeated in 1648, charles didn't compromise so he was executed, restored the stewart line in Charles II, borther took over and then angered parliment |
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The huge palace built for French King Louis XIV south of Paris in the town of the same name. The palace symbolized the preeminence of French power and architecture in Europe and the triumph of royal authority over the French nobility.,1682-1790
-gardens w. fountains, thousands of rooms in the palace, hall of mirrors, could house 10000 people |
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The policy in international relations by which, beginning in the eighteenth century, the major European states acted together to prevent any one of them from becoming too powerful.
-united nations system,illistrated by french monarchy's empire building efforts, formed alliances with the other european states, shifted these for geopolitical reasons, 1st successful effort at international peace keeping |
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