Term
| What is the name of the embedded superficial fascia of the neck? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of the platysma? |
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Definition
| Facial expression, moves lower lips and corners of mouth, tenses skin of inferior face and neck, may help eliminate skin sagging and double-chin |
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Term
| What innervates the platysma? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is contained within the investing layer of deep cervical fascia? |
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Definition
| Invests entire neck as one compartment |
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Term
| What is contained within the prevertebral fascia of the neck? |
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Definition
| Invests vertebral column and associated muscles |
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Term
| What is contained within the pretracheal fascia? |
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Definition
| Visceral compartment containing trachea, muscles, and sternum |
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Term
| What is contained within the carotid sheath? |
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Definition
| Bilateral vascular compartment containing vessels and nerves |
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Term
| Which fascia of the neck limits the spread of infection? |
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Definition
| Investing layer of deep fascia |
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Term
| Where does infection between the investing layer and muscular part of the pretracheal fascia surrounding the infrahyoid muscles generally stop? |
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Definition
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Term
| Infection between the investing layer and the visceral part of the pretracheal fascia can spread to what space? |
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Definition
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Term
| Rupture esophagus, trachea, or bronchus may cause what infection? |
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Definition
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Term
| What skeletal landmark is found at the level of C3? |
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Definition
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Term
| What cartilaginous landmark is found between the levels of C4-5? |
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Definition
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Term
| What cartilaginous landmark is found at the level of C6? |
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Definition
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Term
| What unilateral action is performed by the sternocleidomastoid muscle? |
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Definition
| Draws the mastoid process anteriorly and inferiorly, rotating the face toward the contralateral side |
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Term
| What bilateral action is performed by the sternocleidomastoid muscle? |
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Definition
| Contracts to draw head forward and the chin upward |
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Term
| Attachment of the sternocleidomastoid muscle? |
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Definition
| Passes from the manubrium of the sternum and medial 1/3 of the clavicle to the mastoid process of the temporal bone and superior nuchal line. |
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Term
| COPD patients may utilize the sternocleidomastoid muscle to perform what function? |
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Definition
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Term
| What innervates the sternocleidomastoid muscle? |
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Definition
| Accessory nerve - CN XI (motor) and anterior ramus of C2 (proprioception) |
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Term
| What is cervical dystonia? |
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Definition
| AKA spasmodic torticollis - unvoluntary contraction of the neck, most commonly affects the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles |
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Term
| What is congenital torticollis? |
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Definition
| Shortening of neck muscles in newborns and kids, commonly the sternocleidomastoid muscle |
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Term
| What are the boundaries of the posterior triangle? |
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Definition
| Sternocleidomastoid, trapezius, middle 1/3 of clavicle |
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Term
| What subdivides the posterior triangle? |
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Definition
| Inferior belly of omohyoid muscle |
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Term
| What are the subdivisions of the posterior triangle? |
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Definition
| Occipital and supraclavicular (omoclavicular, subclavian) triangles, divided by the inferior belly of the omohyoid muscle |
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Term
| What forms the roof of the posterior triangle? |
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Definition
| Investing layer of deep cervical fascia |
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Term
| What forms the floor of the posterior triangle? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the superficial structures of the posterior triangle? |
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Definition
| External jugular vein and cutaneous nerves of the posterior triangle (overlying the SCM and posterior triangle) |
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Term
| What cutaneous nerves are found in the posterior triangle? |
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Definition
Branches of the cervical plexus of nerves (anterior rami of C1-4)
Lesser occipital (C2)
great auricular (C2-3)
transverse cervical (C2-3)
supraclavicular (C3-4) |
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Term
| What are the deep structures of the posterior triangle? |
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Definition
| Spinal accessory nerve, subclavian vein, subclavian artery, transverse cervical artery, suprascapular artery, roots, trunks, and branches of the brachial plexus, branches of the cervical plexus |
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Term
| The subclavian vein is a continuation of what vessel? |
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Definition
| Axillary vein at the lateral border of the 1st rib |
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Term
| What forms the brachiocephalic vein? |
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Definition
| Joining of the subclavian and internal jugular veins |
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Term
| What vein(s) are used for a central line to access the heart? |
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Definition
| Subclavian (and axillary) veins |
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Term
| What is the location of the subclavian artery within the posterior triangle? |
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Definition
| (THIRD PART of subclavian artery) Between lateral border of anterior scalene muscle and lateral border of 1st rib. |
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Term
| What does the FIRST PART of the subclavian artery give off? |
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Definition
| 1st part of the subclavian artery gives off the thyrocervical trunk |
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Term
| What are branches of the thyrocervical trunk? |
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Definition
| transverse cervical and suprascapular arteries |
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Term
| Muscles of the floor of the posterior triangle (from posterior to anterior)? |
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Definition
| splenius capitus, levator scapulae, posterior scalene, middle scalene, anterior scalene |
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Term
| What does the external jugular vein form from? |
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Definition
| The union of the posterior branch of the retromandibular vein and the posterior auricular vein (near the angle of the mandible). |
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Term
| What nerve refers pain to the ipsilateral shoulder carried superiorly in the phrenic nerve from the diaphragm? |
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Definition
| Supraclavicular (C3-4) nerve (due to irritation of the diaphragmatic pleura or peritoneum) |
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Term
| Course of the spinal accessory nerve (CN XI)? |
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Definition
| Descends through the posterior triangle between the posterior border of the SCM and the anterior border of the trapezius to supply both muscles. |
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Term
| What branch may form in the third part of the subclavian artery and where does it go? |
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Definition
| May have a dorsal scapular artery as a branch to the levator scapulae and rhomboids. |
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Term
| Where do the brachial plexus roots emerge in the posterior triangle? |
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Definition
| Between anterior and middle scalene muscles, passes through the cervicoaxillary canal to the axillary (emerges with the subclavian artery) |
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Term
| What causes thoracic outlet syndrome? |
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Definition
| Compression or stretching of the inferior trunk of the brachial plexus or subclavian artery by an enlarged costal process of C7 that acts as an extra cervical rib |
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Term
| What makes up the cervical plexus? |
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Definition
| Anterior rami of C1-4 spinal nerves |
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Term
| C2 is the spinal root for what cutaneous nerve? |
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Definition
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Term
| C2-3 are the spinal roots for what cutaneous nerves? |
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Definition
| Great auricular and transverse cervical nerves |
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Term
| C3-4 are the spinal roots for what cutaneous nerves? |
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Definition
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Term
| C1 is the spinal root for what muscular nerve? |
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Definition
| Superior root of ansa cervicalis |
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Term
| C2-3 are the spinal roots for what muscular nerve? |
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Definition
| Inferior root of ansa cervicalis |
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Term
| What are the roots of the phrenic nerve? |
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Definition
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Term
| What roots of the cervical plexus provide proprioception? |
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Definition
| C2 to sternocleidomastoid and C3-4 to trapezius |
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Term
| C5-6 are the spinal roots for what muscular nerve? What muscle does it innervate? |
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Definition
| Suprascapular nerve (accompanies the suprascapular artery and vein behind the clavicle en route to the supraspinatus and infraspinatus) |
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Term
| What is the injection point for a cervical plexus blockade? |
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Definition
| Upper and middle 1/3 of posterior border of sternocleidomastoid |
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Term
| What muscle in the posterior triangle occasionally has accessory phrenic nerve branches entering it? |
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Definition
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Term
| Irritation of hemi-diaphragm via diaphragmatic pleura or peritoneum innervated by the phrenic nerve refers pain to what part of the body? |
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Definition
| Corresponding shoulder via supraclavicular nerves (C3-4) |
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Term
| What are the boundaries of the anterior triangle of the neck? |
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Definition
| Anterior border of sternocleidomastoid, neck midline, inferior border of mandible, manubrium of the sternum |
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Term
| What are the smaller subdivided triangles of the anterior cervical triangle? |
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Definition
| Muscular triangle, carotid triangle, submandibular triangle, submental triangle |
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Term
| What are the boundaries of the muscular triangle? |
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Definition
| Neck midline, sternocleidomastoid muscle, superior belly of omohyoid |
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Term
| What are the boundaries of the carotid triangle? |
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Definition
| posterior belly of digastric, superior belly of omohyoid, sternocleidomastoid muscle |
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Term
| What are the boundaries of the submandibular triangle? |
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Definition
| Digastric muscle bellies and the base of the mandible |
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Term
| What are the boundaries of the submental triangle? |
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Definition
| Above the hyoid bone between the anterior belly of the digastric muscle and the midline of the neck. |
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Term
| What structures run superficial to the anterior triangle of the neck? |
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Definition
| Platysma muscles, anterior and external jugular veins, transverse cervical nerves |
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Term
| What may cause troublesome bleeding following a traumatic neck injury or during a tracheostomy? |
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Definition
| A large communicating vein (from the facial vein along the anterior border of the SCM) that MAY insert into the anterior jugular vein. |
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Term
| What structures are found within the muscular triangle? |
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Definition
| Infrahyoid muscles, thyroid and parathyroid glands |
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Term
| What are the superficial infrahyoid muscles? |
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Definition
| Superior belly of omohyoid muscle and sternohyoid muscle |
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Term
| What are the deep infrahyoid muscles? |
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Definition
| (Series of muscles) Sternothyroid inferiorly and thryohyoid superiorly |
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Term
| What innervates the infrahyoid muscles? |
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Definition
| Ansa cervicalis (C1-3) except thyrohyoid which is innervated via hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) |
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Term
| The isthmus lying between the two lateral lobes of the thyroid gland runs across which tracheal rings? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the blood supply to the thyroid gland? |
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Definition
Superior thyroid arteries
Inferior thyroid arteries
(10%) thyroid ima artery |
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Term
| What gives off the superior thyroid artery? |
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Definition
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Term
| What gives off the inferior thyroid artery? |
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Definition
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Term
| What provides venous drainage from the thyroid? |
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Definition
| Superior, middle, and inferior thyroid veins |
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Term
| What are some anatomical variations that are occasionally seen in the thyroid? |
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Definition
| Pyramidal lobe superior to the isthmus and a thyroid ima artery |
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Term
| Where are parathyroid glands generally found? |
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Definition
| In pairs on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland |
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Term
| What supplies blood to the parathyroid glands? |
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Definition
| Inferior thyroid arteries |
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Term
| What is the developmental origin of the parathyroid glands? |
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Definition
| 3rd and 4th pharyngeal arches |
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Term
| What are the vessels found within the carotid triangle? |
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Definition
| Common carotid artery and its division into the internal and external carotid arteries, branches of the external carotid artery, internal jugular vein, deep cervical lymph nodes |
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Term
| What nerves are found within the carotid triangle? |
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Definition
| Vagus nerve (CN X), ansa cervicalis, hypoglossal nerve (CN XII), spinal accessory nerve (CN XI), and cervical branches of CN VII |
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Term
| What gives off the right common carotid artery? |
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Definition
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Term
| What gives off the left common carotid artery? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is contained within the carotid sheath? |
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Definition
| Common carotid and external carotid arteries, internal jugular vein, and vagus nerve (CN X) |
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Term
| What two specialized receptor organs are found at the common carotid artery bifurcation? |
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Definition
| Carotid sinus and carotid body |
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Term
| What is the function of the carotid sinus and where is it located near the bifurcation of the common carotid artery? |
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Definition
| Located on dilated proximal part of the internal carotid artery, reflexively controls blood pressure through baroreceptors via afferent CN IX and efferent CN X |
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Term
| What is the function of the carotid body and where is it located near the bifurcation of the common carotid artery? |
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Definition
| Medial deep part of the common carotid artery bifurcation, reflexively controls blood gasses through chemoreceptors via afferent CN IX and efferent CN X |
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Term
| What are the branches of the internal carotid artery in the neck? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the internal carotid artery supply in the skull? |
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Definition
| Cerebral hemispheres and structures within the orbit |
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Term
| How is the internal carotid artery associated with stroke? |
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Definition
| Frequent site of atherosclerotic plaques |
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Term
| What are the branches of the external carotid artery within the carotid triangle? |
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Definition
Superior thyroid
lingual
facial
ascending pharyngeal
occipital arteries |
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Term
| What are the branches of the external carotid artery outside the carotid triangle? |
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Definition
Posterior auricular artery
superficial temporal artery
maxillary artery |
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Term
| What structures are innervated by the vagus nerve within the neck? |
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Definition
| Sensory innervation to larynx and lower pharynx; innervates muscles of larynx, pharynx, and soft palate |
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Term
| What is innervated by the ansa cervicalis? |
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Definition
| All infrahyoid muscles except the thyroid |
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Term
| What is innervated by the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the continuation of the sigmoid sinus (a dural venous sinous in the skull)? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where are the deep cervical lymph nodes located? What do they drain? |
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Definition
| Along the internal jugular vein. They drain all of the lymph from the head and neck |
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Term
| What do the vagus nerves descend with in the carotid sheaths? |
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Definition
| Common carotid and external carotid arteries, internal jugular vein |
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Term
| What triangles are contained in the suprahyoid region? |
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Definition
| Submandibular and submental triangles |
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Term
| What are the boundaries of the submandibular triangle? |
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Definition
| Between the 2 bellies of the digastric muscles and inferior border of the mandible |
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Term
| What forms the floor of the submandibular triangle? |
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Definition
| Mylohyoid muscles (form the floor of the oral cavity) |
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Term
| What are the contents of the submandibular triangle? |
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Definition
| Submandibular salivary gland and lymph nodes, hypoglossal and mylohyoid nerves, facial and submental arteries and veins |
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Term
| What innervates the submandibular salivary glands? |
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Definition
| Postganglionic parasympathetic fibers from cell bodies in the submandibular ganglion |
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Term
| What are the boundaries of the submental triangle? |
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Definition
| 2 anterior bellies of the dygastric muscle and the midline of the neck |
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Term
| What innervates the digastric muscles? |
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Definition
| Anterior belly by CN V and posterior belly by CN VII |
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Term
| What do the digastric muscles insert into? |
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Definition
| Intermediate tendon attached to the hyoid bone |
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Term
| What action is performed by the digastric muscles? |
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Definition
| Elevates hyoid bone, anterior bellies depress mandible to open the mouth |
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Term
| What innervates the stylohyoid muscle? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What action is performed by the stylohyoid muscle? |
|
Definition
| Runs parallel to the posterior belly of the digastric muscle, draws hyoid bone upward and backward |
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Term
| What are the contents of the root of the neck? |
|
Definition
| Apex of the lung, anterior scalene muscle, subclavian artery, and thoracic duct |
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|
Term
| What structures are anterior to the anterior scalene muscle? |
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Definition
| Phrenic nerve, transverse cervical artery, suprascapular artery, subclavian vein, ascending cervical artery |
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|
Term
| What structures are posterior to the anterior scalene muscle? |
|
Definition
| Subclavian artery, roots of brachial plexus |
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|
Term
| What are the divisions of the subclavian artery? |
|
Definition
| In relation to the anterior scalene muscle, 1st part is medial, 2nd part is posterior, 3rd part is lateral |
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Term
| What are the branches of the 1st part of the subclavian artery? |
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Definition
Vertebral artery (ascending)
Internal thoracic artery (descending into the mediastinum)
Thyrocervical trunk (many branches) |
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|
Term
| What is given off by the thyrocervical trunk? |
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Definition
Inferior thyroid
Ascending cervical
Transverse cervical
Suprascapular |
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Term
| What is given off by the 2nd part of the subclavian artery? |
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Definition
| Costocervical trunk which divides into deep cervical and superior intercostal arteries |
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Term
| What is given off by the 3rd part of the subclavian artery? |
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Definition
| May give off dorsal scapular artery (it replaces the deep branch of the transverse cervical artery to the levator scapulae and rhomboids) |
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Term
| What forms the right lymphatic duct? |
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Definition
| Union of right jugular, subclavian, and sometimes the bronchomediastinal lymphatic trunks |
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Term
| What are the midline neck structures that are in danger during a tracheotomy? |
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Definition
Anterior jugular vein or a large communicating vein from the facial vein
Jugular venous arch
Isthmus of thyroid gland
Inferior thyroid veins
Thyroid ima artery
(In children) left brachiocephalic vein or thymus |
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|
Term
| What does the right lymphatic duct drain into? |
|
Definition
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