Term
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Definition
1. Economic feedback loop
agroforestry losses then extensive systems, accidental fires.
2. Forest Flammability loop
susceptibility, logging, forest fires
3. Climate feedback loop
smoke, reduced ET=drought, fire |
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Term
| Resource Availability Theory |
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Definition
1. Plant growth rate
2. resource availability
3. carbon/nitrogen availability
Assumptions:
defense is costly, herbivores are selective, maximum growth rate is determined by amount of resources, herbivores consume fixed amount of plant matter
Predictions:
high N envir. = less allocation to defense, fast growing do best, defenses are N based
Low N envir. = greater allocation to defense, defense C based, defenses not recoverable, immobile, slow growing does better, |
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Term
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Definition
1. low species diversity: animals with low repro rate, lg body size, can't travel btw frags, tropic position, rare distribution, specialists.
2. Pop abundance: some spp. do better some do worse.
3. likelihood of extinction
4. change in envir conditions: hotter, more edge effects, lower moisture.
5. Edge effects.
6. change in behavior and physiology
7. change in spp. interaction
8. matrix is important: burn vs. non burn. whats in btw frags. |
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Term
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Definition
Best.
bees most important - highest number of species visiting single plant
Cost: Energy to attract insects.
Benefits: Insects plentiful, allows plants to be more generalists. |
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Term
| Benefits of Bird Pollinators |
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Definition
| Birds travel long distances and pollinate a large VARIETY of plants. |
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Term
| Important fruit attributes. what attracts animals? |
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Definition
| Color, ripeness, sugar content, pulp to seed ratio, fruit and seed size, placement on plant, size of crop on bird. |
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Term
| Benefits of Animal Pollination |
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Definition
| Cover larger distance instead of wind. |
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Term
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Definition
| General and Specific Toxins, |
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Term
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Definition
| Get away from parent plant. Better chance of survival. Start new plant in a new area, spread genes. |
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Term
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Definition
Highest amount= americas
Highest rate = asia
SLOSS: Single large or several small |
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Term
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Definition
More diversity &
Co-evolution |
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Term
| Rewards of Pollination. Why do it? |
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Definition
Mutualism.
Shelter, food, place to reproduce, good place to lay eggs, attract mate. |
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Term
| Why do herbivores eat some plants and not others? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Plants use more energy to attract animals and protect against damage from animals.
Become dependent on certain species for pollination and then if species goes extinct the plant is SOL. |
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Term
| How can the world be so green with so many herbivores? |
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Definition
| Predation on herbivores and plant defenses. |
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Term
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Definition
Small: less nutrients, require gaps. can be eaten by more animals = better chance of dispersal, Can be dispersed over larger distances.
Large: more nutrients, less of them, better chance of survival once deposited. only larger animals can disperse them, |
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Term
| Biological Plant Defenses |
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Definition
| anit-digestability, anti nutritive. |
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Term
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Definition
| feeding deterrents like barriers (toughness, wax, etc) and structures (thorns, spines,etc) |
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Term
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Definition
important and natural part of tropical ecosystems.
increase in frequency: soil degradations, altered spp. compostion, invasive/exotic spp., reduced tree and shrubs.
reduction consequences: soil degradtion/loss of nutrients, competitive exclusion of native app, increased biomass, increased risk of huge fires. |
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Term
| What happens when you remove wildlife? |
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Definition
less predators , more seed predation.
less seed dispersal. |
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Term
| Problems of cross pollination in the tropics |
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Definition
self incompatible
low densities
1-2% wind pollinators |
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Term
| Costs of Bird Pollination |
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Definition
some birds are nectar robbers
Energy used to attract birds: nectar, colors, smell, ect. |
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