Term
| What are the monoamine neurotransmitters? |
|
Definition
1) Noradrenaline
2) Dopamine
3) 5-HT. |
|
|
Term
| What are the catecholamines? |
|
Definition
1) Noradrenaline
2) Dopamine. |
|
|
Term
| Where are the cell bodies of the ACh neurons? |
|
Definition
| Partly in the medial septal nucleus and the nucleus basalis of Meynert. |
|
|
Term
| Where are the cell bodies of the dopamine neurons? |
|
Definition
| The substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area (VTA). |
|
|
Term
| Where are the cell bodies of the noradrenaline neurons? |
|
Definition
| The locus coereleus and lateral tegmental area. |
|
|
Term
| Where are the cell bodies of the 5-HT neurons? |
|
Definition
| Dorsal and median raphe nucleus. |
|
|
Term
| What is the standard structure of classical neurotransmitter neurons? |
|
Definition
1) Cell bodies grouped in discrete nuclei
2) Long ascending projections innervating other brain regions. |
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|
Term
| What are the amino acid neurotransmitters and what is there function? |
|
Definition
1) Glutamate: excitatory
2) GABA: inhibitory. |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between GABA and glutamate neuron structure? |
|
Definition
Glutamate: long projections
GABA: short interneurons. |
|
|
Term
| What stages are involved in neurotransmission? |
|
Definition
1) Synthesis
2) Storage (vesicles)
3) Release (Ca2+ dependent)
4) Interaction with target
5) Termination of action (reuptake or enzymatic degradation). |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 main types of neurotransmitter receptors? |
|
Definition
1) Ligand gated ion channels
2) G protein linked. |
|
|
Term
| What ions do lignad-gated ion channels allow into cells? |
|
Definition
-Excitatory:
1) NMDA: Na+
2) Nicotinic: Na+ & Ca2+
3) 5-HT3: Na+
-Inhibitory
4) GABA: Cl- |
|
|
Term
| Describe the two methods of action of G protein receptors. |
|
Definition
1) Increase/decrease adenylate cyclase-Inc/dec cAMP- Activation of kinases
2) Increse phospholipase C/ PI turnover- Increase IP3 and DAG. IP3 Increases intracellular calcium whilst DAG acts directly on kinases. |
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|
Term
| How is the action of neurotransmitters terminated? |
|
Definition
1) DA, NA, 5-HT GABA and glutamate are removed from the synapse by plasma membrane transporters
2) ACh is broken down by acetylcholinesterase as there is no transporter. |
|
|
Term
| Explain the effect of L-DOPA. |
|
Definition
| It is an intermediate in dopamine synthesis. |
|
|
Term
| Explain the effect of MAOIs. |
|
Definition
| They inhibit intraneuronal metabolism of monoamines and increases the releasable pool. |
|
|
Term
| Explain the role of amphetamines. |
|
Definition
| They cause the non-exocytotic release of noradrenaline and dopamine. |
|
|
Term
| What is the role of TCAs and SSRIs? |
|
Definition
| They inhibit the reuptake of monoamine neurotransmitters. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It is the precursor form of 5-HT. |
|
|
Term
| What is the role of rivastigmine? |
|
Definition
| It blocks acetylcholinesterase. Used in Parkinsons'. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are TRP and 5-HTP used in? |
|
Definition
| Adjunct to anti-depressant therapy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It can enhance or attenuate receptor function indirectly. |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between drugs that target presynaptic mechanisms and post synaptic mechanisms? |
|
Definition
| 'Presynaptic' drugs affect the amount of neurotransmitter available to interact with all receptors whilst 'postsynaptic' drugs will have a more specific effect. |
|
|
Term
| What do benzodiazepines and barbiturates do? |
|
Definition
| Modulate the GABA complex. |
|
|
Term
| What do ketamine and phencyclidine do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does ondansetron do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do antiparkinson's drugs act? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do antipsychotics act? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does Buspirone act? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does clonidine act? |
|
Definition
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