Term
| What are the principle compartments in the body? What are their relative amounts in comparison to the total body weight? |
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Definition
| 1) ICF (40%); ECF (60%) - Plasma (5%) |
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Term
| What is the relationship in the osmolarity of the two water compartments in the body? |
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Definition
| 1) equal, however, there is unequal distribution of K+ and Na+ |
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Term
| What are the components that help determine the steady state of the body water? What is the equation that can help conceptualize this balance? |
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Definition
1) Input
2) Output
3) Distribution
4) Intake + Production = Excretion + Consumption +/- Distribution |
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Term
| Where is the sensor for sodium levels in the blood located? |
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Definition
1) Sodium is the only electrolyte that is not directly monitored in the body. THe body uses the volume status as an estimate of the level of sodium present
2) Volume sensors: carotid bodies, cardiac stretch receptors, kidney sensors (macula densa?) |
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Term
For sodium handling, identify the following:
What is sensed
Sensors
Mediators
Effectors |
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Definition
1) Effective tissue perfusion
2) afferent arteriole; atria; carotid sinus
3) RAA Cascade; ANP; NE; ADH
4) Tubular sodium handling; thirst |
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Term
For potassium handling, identify the following:
What is sensed
Sensors
Mediators
Effectors |
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Definition
1) [K]
2) every cell in the body (buffered by trans-cellular shift)
2) Aldosterone; ACE-I
3) collecting tubule |
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Term
For water handling, identify the following:
What is sensed
Sensors
Mediators
Effectors |
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Definition
1) plasma osmolality
2) Hypothalamic osmoreceptors
3) ADH; thirst
4) Urine osmolality; water intake |
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Term
For water handling, identify the following:
What is sensed
Sensors
Mediators
Effectors |
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Definition
1) CO2; pH
2)medullary CO2 receptors; all cells
3) H-ATPase
4) inc. minute ventilation; CO2 excretion; K/H ATPase; NH3 production; bone demineralization |
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Term
For calcium handling, identify the following:
What is sensed
Sensors
Mediators
Effectors |
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Definition
1) ionized calcium
2) parathyroid gland;
3) PTH
4) release of Ca2+ and Phosphate by osteoclast activity; Ca2+ reabsorption from glomerular filtrate; 1,25-VitD from gut |
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Term
| What are the determinants of the filtered load for a particle? |
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Definition
1) plasma concentration
2) GFR
*small uncharged molecules have a reflection coefficient close to 1* |
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Term
What are the normal urine values for the following molecules?
Na
K
pH
osmolality |
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Definition
| 1) there is no normal or abnormal value for these molecules; they are varied to maintain homeostasis of volume as well as other compounds. |
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Term
| What are major handling mechanisms for electrolytes in the kidney? |
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Definition
1) tubular flow rate
2) tubular secretion
3) tubular reabsorption |
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Term
| What is the effect of a electrolyte load, sustained load, decreased load? |
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Definition
1) e.g. inc. potassium load; leads to potassium accumulation
2) K increases w/ aldosterone increase until a new equilibrium is achieved
3) decreased levels until reach lower steady state |
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