Term
| A ___ inversion will normally form only at night, when the ground cools down. |
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Definition
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Term
| When the atmosphere is ___ the environmental lapse rate is equal to the adiatatic lapse rate and vertical convection is neither suppressed nor encouraged. Under these conditions, a smoke plums from a chimney would be shaped like a ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| For elevated pollution sources (such as a smokestack), it is better for people when they are ___-wind of the source of the pollution, or when the atmosphere is ___. [Stability Condition] |
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Definition
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Term
| The mucous membranes in the respiratory system can be irritated by exposure to substances known as ___. One such substance is ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| The "half-life" of a __, which is a substance that spontaneously decays into other substances and releases ionizing radiation in the form of ___ and ___ particles, is the time it takes for _________ to decay away. |
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Definition
| RADIOISOTOPE, ALPHA, BETA, HALF OF THE MASS OF THE RADIOISOTOPE |
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Term
| London smog consists of ___, which contains sulfurous gases, and a source of water, such as fog. This is different from L.A. smog, which was discovered by ___ to be produced from a combination of automotive exhausts and sunlight. |
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Definition
| COAL SMOKE, ARIE HARGEN-SMIT |
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Term
| In order to help reduce carbon monoxide emissions from all gasoline-burning vehicles, oxygenation additives are added to the gasoline. One of these, ____, has been banned because it can pollute groundwater, while the other, ___, is the subject of controversy because its use is regarded as a financial subsidy for Midwestern corn farmers. |
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Definition
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Term
| The __ Dose-Response Curve shows how a typical population reacts to a stimulus, as opposed to the ___ Does-Response Curve, where all of the population responds as soon as the stimulus intensity exceeds some threshold level. |
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Definition
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Term
| PPP is used to separate an oxygen atom from a nitrogen dioxide molecutle, in a reaction called ___. This reaction kicks off the null cycle in L.A. smog. |
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Definition
| SUNLIGHT, PHOTODISSOCIATION |
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Term
| ___ radicals leftover from the photochemical smog cycle are used to make ___, a family of compounds that are very potent lachrymators. These compounds and ozone are commonly called "___." because they give up oxygen to other substances when they react with those other substances. |
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Definition
| ALKOXY, PeroxyacetylNitrate, OXIDANTS |
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Term
| Carbon monoxide in the South Coast Air Basin reaches the highest concentrations just downwind of ___ [very specific location] because of the large amount of automobile, truck, and ___ traffic in the area. |
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Definition
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Term
| aIR POLLUTION COMES FROM A ___ AND IS REMOVED FROM THE ATMOSPHERE OR DILUTED BY A ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| The three fundamental air pollution source processes are different emission, ___, ___, and ___. |
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Definition
| TRANSPORT, CHEMICAL REACTION, RESUSPENTION |
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Term
| The three size scales for air pollution are, from largest to smallest, ___, ___, ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| In the mid to late 1970s, ___ were banned from use in aerosol sprays due to their ability to deplete the ozone layer. |
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Definition
| Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) |
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Term
| Organic compounds must contain ___ and ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| In a ___ reaction, two or more substances touch one another and become transformed into one or more products of the reaction. [specific chemical reaction type] |
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Definition
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Term
| The stratospheric ___ protects organims outside of the oceans from ultraviolet radiation in sunlight. This region of the atmosphere was formed from the ___ that was released a couple of billion years ago from organisms performing green plant photosynthesis. |
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Definition
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Term
| About 65 million years ago, __________, which resulted in the release of ____ into the Earth's atmosphere, causing sudden global-scale cooling and subsequent extinction of many large, cold-blooded reptiles. |
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Definition
| A METEOR STRIKED THE EARTH, DUST CLOUDS & SMOKE |
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Term
| In real-life applications of air pollution control, usually the easiest procedure for reducing pollution concentrations would be to ___. [Operation involving a box model parameter] |
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Definition
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Term
| An air parcel that is warmer than the surrounding air has an air density that is ___ the density of the surrounding air. |
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Definition
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Term
| An air parcel that rises upward in Earth's atmosphere will adiabatically ___, which causes the pressure inside the parcel to decrease so it remains equal to the pressure outside the parcel. The temperature inside this rising parcel will go ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| When the atmoshpere is stable, positively buoyant air parcels rise until ______. At this point, the air parcel will ____. |
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Definition
| THE TEMPERATURE OF THE AIR PARCEL EQUALS THE TEMPERATURE OF THE ENVIRONMENT, STABILIZE AT THE CORRESPONDING POINT |
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Term
| In the ______, the highest ozone concentrations tend to occur in the region called the ____. [general region of the SCAB, not “Crestline”] |
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Definition
| South Coast Air Basin, Inland Empire |
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Term
| Peak levels of carbon monoxide in the SCAB occur during the ____ season. This would be a good time to use ___ additives in gasoline in order to reduce emissions of carbon monoxide. |
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Definition
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Term
| Reduction of reactive organic gas emissions can be accomplished by using compressed natural gas (CNG) instead of gasoline as a fuel for automobiles and trucks. |
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Definition
| compressed natural gas (CNG) |
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Term
| Newly formed aerosol particles create a peak in the aerosol size distribution called the ____ mode. |
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Definition
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Term
| Most of the aerosol particle mass in the Los Angeles region is composed of ____. These particles probably originated from the ocean. |
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Definition
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Term
| When two or more aerosol particles collide and stick together, the growth process called ____ has occurred. |
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Definition
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Term
| In the general particulate removal process called ____, water is involved. ___ is a special form of this removal process where cloud droplets form around the particles. |
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Definition
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Term
| Dyson vacuum cleaners and larger devices called ____ swirl particle-laden air around a chamber and the particles impact on the sides of the chamber and fall out |
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Definition
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Term
| “Ionizers” are used in consumer-level air cleaning devices to help remove small particulates. The real name of this particle removal device is “___”. |
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Definition
| electrostatic precipitator |
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Term
| An air quality ____ is used as a descriptive label for polluted air and signifies how harmful the air may be. |
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Definition
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Term
| The ___ is a standardized numerical value given to the descriptive labels mentioned in question #5. |
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Definition
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Term
| When implementing an ____, if the air quality goals are not met, we must then _________. [what do we do?] |
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Definition
| Air Quality Management Plan, go back and modify the control measures |
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Term
| The ___ in tobacco smoke may cause one to have an increased risk of developing heart disease, due to the deprivation of oxygen. |
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Definition
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Term
| ____ is an organic compound that is outgassed by many building materials. |
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Definition
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Term
| ____ is the name of a black mold that grows inside some homes and is quite toxic. To get rid of this and its relatives, the first thing to do is ____. |
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Definition
| Stachybotrys, to eliminate moisture sources |
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Term
| Stratospheric ozone is more abundant in the ___ latitudes because sunlight is ___ intense there. |
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Definition
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Term
| The South Polar Ozone Hole forms and disappears during the Southern Hemisphere’s ___ season. It is confined to the polar region by a ___. |
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Definition
| Spring, circumpolar vortex |
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Term
| The ___ is an international treaty that resulted in the elimination of Freon®-12 from use in consumer appliances. |
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Definition
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Term
| Greenhouse gases absorb ___ radiation and transmit ____ radiation. |
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Definition
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Term
| List three things you did or plan to do today that contributes to anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions. |
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Definition
| Drive a car, turn on the lights, turn on the television |
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Term
| The first Air Quality Management Plan (AQMP) implemented in the South Coast Air Basin in the early 1990s included 120 control measures to reduce emissions of carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and ___ ___ ___, the last of which is a precursor of ozone. There was much protest against the plan, because at the time, appropriate substitutes for polluting materials difficult to find or use (for example, ___-based automotive paint in place of the solvent-based ones). |
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Definition
| reactive organic gases, water |
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Term
| A short-term source of formaldehyde gas inside the house is ___ paint, because the formaldehyde is used as one of the solvents (along with water) instead of petroleum distillates (otherwise known as paint thinner). [type of paint, not “new” or “recently applied”] |
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Definition
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Term
| When the radiation level from radon reaches ___ pCi/liter, the risk of developing lung cancer is similar to the lung cancer risk from smoking one pack of cigarettes per day. |
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Definition
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Term
| In ____, air is sucked out of a small cavity dug underneath a house, which helps to move radon gas out of the soil before it can seep inside a house. |
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Definition
| Active Subsoil Depressurization |
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Term
| Mechanical filtration involves the use of ___ to filter out ____ from the air. |
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Definition
| paper fibers, aerosol particles |
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Term
| ___, such as granulated activated charcoal and ___, are capable of removing pollutant gas molecules from the air. [first blank, NOT “filters”] |
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Definition
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Term
| The global average concentration of ozone (in the ozone layer) is about ___. [not ppmv nor amount per cm3] This measurement is called the ___. |
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Definition
| 300 Dobson Units, Total Column Ozone |
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Term
| The global average concentration of ozone (in the ozone layer) is about ___. [not ppmv nor amount per cm3] This measurement is called the ___. |
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Definition
| 300 Dobson Units, Total Column Ozone |
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Term
| Excessive exposure to Ultraviolet-B radiation, due to ozone layer depletion, increases the risk of developing ___ and ___ cell carcinomas. |
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Definition
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Term
| The ___ is a “null” cycle that maintains the steady-state concentration of ozone in the stratospheric ozone layer. In this cycle, the production rate of ozone is ___ the destruction rate of ozone. [approximately, since the ozone concentration is only quasi-steady] |
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Definition
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Term
| Anthropogenic ozone destruction ___ include atomic chlorine from chlorofluorocarbons and ___ from Halon-containing fire extingruishers. |
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Definition
| catalysts, atomic bromine |
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Term
| A typical replacement for Freon®-12 in consumer refrigeration systems is ___, which has zero ozone depletion potential because it lacks ___. |
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Definition
| hydrofluorocarbon- 134a, chlorine |
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