Archduke Ferdinand 

Patriotic nationalism 

• Outbreak of patriotic enthusiasm in 1914
• Stefan Zweig, an Austrian writer, wrote about the celebration in Vienna
• It had been so long since war, people cast it in a legendary light, and the distance made it seem romantic and heroic

Wilfred Owen     

• English poet and solider
• Leading poet of WWI era
• Wrote shocking realistic war poetry on the horrors of trench and gas warfare 

The Great War

(WWI) 

• Global military conflict that took place mostly in Europe between 1914 and 1918
• It was a total war which left millions dead and helped to shape the modern world
• Started by the assasination of Archduke Ferdinand

Industrial Warfare

(5 or 6 innovations for killing) 

• Machine guns (increases lethal efficiency)
• Motor vehicles (ambulences, supply trucks, etc)
• Submarine, airplane (power flight)
• Idea of “bombing”
• Chemical warfare
• Tanks/tracked vehicles

Pre-WWI Alliances 

• Germany, Austria and Italy (Triple Alliance)
• France, Great Britain and Russia (Triple Entente)

Schlieffen Plan 

• Secret plan called for a minimal troop deployment against Russia while most of the German army would make a rapid invasion of France before Russia could become effective in the east or before the British could cross the English channel to help France
• Called for German army to make vast encircling movement through Belgium into N. France
• CALLED FOR INVASION OF FRANCE

Central Powers 

• Austria-Hungary
• German Empire
• Bulgaria
• Ottoman Empire.

Allies

• French, Russia, Italy, U.S., Great Britain

Trench Warfare 

• 1914
• Lines of trenches were protected by barbed wire 3-5 feet high, 90 ft wide, concrete machine-gun nests, and mortar batteries, supported farther back heavy artillery
• Troops lived in holes in the ground, separated from each other by “no-mans” land

Western Front/Eastern Front 

• Stalemate
• Warfare produced horrors
• Battlefields were hellish landscapes of dying and injured men, barbed wire, shell holes and mud

11th hour, 11th day, 11th month

(1918) 

• Armistice Day
• German gov’t agreed to an armistice
• Ended WWI

Czar Nicholas II

• Last emperor of Russia
• Proved unable to manage country during WWI
• Rule ended with Russian revolution of 1917
• Him and his family were executed by the Bolsheviks.

CHAPTER 22 

Vladimir Lenin

• Important leader in the success of the Bolsheviks in seizing power in Russia
• Marxist social democrat
• Bolsheviks became a party dedicated to violent revolution under him
• Provisional gov’t formed in 1917
• Arrival in Russia opened new stage of Russian revolution.

Bolsheviks 

• Dedicated to violent revolution
• Aimed to gain control of soldiers, workers and peasants in Russia and use them to overthrow Provisional Gov’t
• By end of October 1917, Bolsheviks had achieved a majority in the Petrograd and Moscow soviets
• Were later renamed the communists and seized power of Russia
• Red Army

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 

• March 3, 1918
• Lenin signed treaty with Germany and gave up Poland, the Ukraine, and the Baltic provinces

Woodrow Wilson 

• U.S. President
• Proposed just and lasting peace
• Reduction of armaments
• Opposed secret diplomacy and self determination of all people
• Spokesman for new world order based on democracy and international cooperation

Fourteen Points 

• 1918
• Listed in Woodrow Wilson’s speech
• Blueprint for lasting peace in Europe, was delivered over 10 months before the Armistice with Germany ended World War I, but the Fourteen Points became the basis for the terms of the German surrender

Treaty of Versailles/ War Guilt Clause 

• Treaty of Versailles: final peace settlement with Germany, July 28,1919
• War Guilt Clause: declared Germany and Austria responsible for the war and ordered Germany to pay reparations for all the damage to which the Allied governments and their people were subjected as a result of the war
  

League of Nations 

• Wilson’s creation of an international peacekeeping organization
• Created January 25, 1919
• Idea of no wars after WWI

"Normalcy" 

• A return to normalcy" was United States presidential candidate Warren Harding’s campaign promise in the election of 1920
• “The good old days that never were”

Fascism 

• Ideology/movement that exalts the nation above the individual and calls for a central gov’t with a dictatorial leader
• Economic and social regimentation and forcible suppression of opposition
• The ideology of Mussolini’s Fascist regime in Italy.

Kellogg-Briand agreement 

•  August 27, 1928
• International treaty "providing for the renunciation of war as an instrument of national policy."
• It failed in its purpose but was significant for later developments in international law
• It was named after the American secretary of state Frank B. Kellogg and French foreign minister Aristide Briand, who drafted the pact.

Collectivization 

• The Soviet Union undertook the world's first campaign of mass collectivization from 1929-1933
• Soviet peasants in collective farms received a type of dividend after compulsory deliveries were made to the state
• Stalin combined many small holdings into one large farm worked by the peasants under gov’t supervision

Stock Market Crash 

• 1929
• In America, led panicky American investors to withdraw even more of their funds from Germany and other European markets
• Weakened banks of Germany and other central European states

Great Depression 

• Caused by economic downturn after 1929
• Worst year was 1932, ¼ British worker was unemployed, 6 million workers were out of work
•  Industrial production plummeted 50% in the U.S. Led to serious political repercussions
• Increased attractiveness of simplistic dictatorial solutions

FDR 

• Democratic presidential candidate who won landslide electoral victory in 1932
• Roosevelt administration was responsible for new social legislation that launched the American welfare state

New Deal 

• Policy of active government in the economy included a stepped up program of public works
•  Provided social reform meaures that averted the possibility of social revolution in the United States
•  Didn’t solve unemployment problems of the Great Depression

Marxism 

• Idea that the proletariat would overthrow the bourgeoisie and establish a dictatorship en route to a classless societ
• Until 1917, regarded as a Utopian idea rather than a concrete system of gov’t
• In 1920, Lenin proposed revolutionary strategy to relate Marxist doctrine and practice to non-Western societies
• Became major policy of Soviet foreign policy in 1920
• By the end of the 1920s, almost every colonial or semi colonial society in Asia had a party based on Marxism
• Greatest impact on CHINA