Debussy style

Lighter textures and softer dynamics

Use of solo instruments (color)

Freer from (seamless sections)

Flowing unaccented rhythm

Harmony- whole tone scale – (6 tones)

Parallel chords d pedal point

Stravinsky

Born: St. Petersbug, Russia, pianist

Life: studied with Rimsky-Korsakov (‘Russian 5’)

Work/Style 1:

Influenced by Russian folklore, song and dance

(‘Ballet russes’=in paris, with Diaghilev)

"firebird", "Petrushka" (nationalism)

"the Rite of Spring"

Work/style 2: lived in Paris

Works in ‘Neo-classic’ style

Neo-classic- new classic (using technique from previous era)

Form or genres of earlier periods

Smaller orchestras

Contemporary harmonies and rhythms

Work/style 3: lives in USA

Citizen, professor at UCLA

Schoenberg

Born: Vienna, the "second Viennese School’

Life: served in Austrian military WWI, moved to USA, professor at USC

Style: influenced by ‘Expressionism’

Harsh dissonance, disjunct melodies

‘atonal’ – music with no key center

Started to think about it, thought it wasn’t a good idea cause I can you have a master piece that’s so random.

"12-tone" or "serial" music

Works: orchestra (‘Five Piece for Orchestra’)

Art songs (‘Pierrot Lunaire’)

Bartok

Born: Hungary, pianist, Budapest Academy of Music

Life: recording folk songs in Eastern Europe

Emigrated to the USA during WWII

Works: sting quartets, "Concerto for orchestra"

Gerschwin

"Porgy & Bess" with brother lyricist Ira Gershwin

(1935, popularized in the early 50’s)

About African-American life wet in Charleston, SC (Catfish Row)

Neo-classic

Neo-classic- new classic (using technique from previous era)

Expressionism

Harsh dissonance, disjunct melodies

atonal

music with no key center

Sprechstimme

Polyrhythm

playing a set of 2 different keys at the same time

polychords

Dissonant harmony

whole tone scale

Jerome Kern

Acknowledged ‘founder father’ of American musical comedy

"showboat" (1927) with lyricist Oscar Hammerstein

Set stage for the later works with serious plots about the African- American life on the Mississippi River.

Richard Rodgers

Lyricist Oscar Hammerstein II

Popular musicals spanning 2 decades

"Oklahoma" (1943)- song and ‘ballet’ integrated with story line, dance choreography by Agnes DeMille, 1^{st complete orginal cast recording.}

Others – "Sound of Music" (1959)

Based on von Trapp Family Singers (film) set in Austria during WWII

Gerschwin

"Porgy & Bess" with brother lyricist Ira Gershwin

(1935, popularized in the early 50’s)

About African-American life wet in Charleston, SC (Catfish Row)

Bernstein

Conductor of New Philharomic

Produced "Young Peoples Concerts" for TV

"West Side Story" (1957)

Urban version of Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet (here represented by Toney and Maria)

Shakespeare’s Capulets and Montagues (recast as urban gangs – Jets & Sharks

Ragtime (late 1800's)

developed from African-Americqn piano style

Blues (late 1800's)

developed from the African American singing style

bendijg pitches and 'blue notes' (part of 'ble scale')

12 bar blues form: AAB

quarduple meter, liting rhythm

'call & response' improvisation

Bessie Smith, the "EMRESS" of the blues

Lost Your Head Blues

new orleans jazz (dixieland) early 1900's

played by "Dixieland Bands" of 5-8 players

Melody = trumpet, clarinet, trombone

rhythm = banjo (piano), tuba (st bass), drums

improvisation by 3 melody instruments (polyphonic)

tunes based on Rag style, blues style, or pop song

'chorus' = solo section

'scat singing' = nonsense syllables

(imitate intrumental style)

Louis 'satchmo' armstrong

trumpet & bandleader

improvised solos, invented 'scat singing'

Benny Goodman

clarent/bandleader. 'King of Swing'

hits- Sing Sing Sing, Blue Skies

Glenn Miller

trombone/ bandleaders

hits- in the mood

'duke' Ellington

piano/ bandleader

Billie Holiday

'Lady day', grew up in Harlem

blue & ballad style

('lady sings the Blues' biography movie)

Ella fitzgerald

'queen of scat', 'first lady of song'

grew up in harlem, driving swinging style

4 grammy awards.

Bebop (started late 1940's)

Developed in 'jam sessions' (creative oulet)

small combos- trumpet, saxophone

rhythm = piano, bass, dums

intended for listening (small clubs)

improvised, fast rhythm, complex harmony

"izzy" gillespie

trumpet

charlie "bird" parker

saxophone

cool (started early 50's)

More relaxed jazz than the bebop

(lyrical melodies, slower tempos

Gerry Mulligan

baritoone saxophone

Miles Daves

trumpet

'scat singing'

nonsense syllables