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*Sumerian *from Eshnuna, now Tell Asmar *tallest is 30 in. *emphasis on beards *found buried carefully under floor of Temple of Abu *very large eyes to "keep fixed on the god" *buried for preservation and protection *figures originally place in temple in front of cult statue *looking up and forward carrying offerings *function as a perpetual prayer |
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Great Lyre with Bulls Head
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*Sumerian *represents wealth *displays picture of scorpion god *musical instrument *bull has a beard (somewhat out of place) *royal, very costly, imported from Afghanistan *inlayed with glyptic art: man taking over bulls (mythology), animals acting human, picture of bull's head lyre, a banquet, etc. |
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*Sumerian *located in Ur *Nanna is moon god *heavily restored *temple was center of city, most important *high priest was god-like *enormous staircase to "approach god" *designed with niches and buttresses *made from sun-dried brick, less well preserved than the pyramids |
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Votive Statue of Gudea
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*Sumerian *ensei of Legash *made of dioryte *20 statues of him have survived *refers to God as "his king" *writing on robe *not a portrait, placed before the temple statue as an offering *acts in place of Gudea in front of alter *offering the god water *petitions the god through the cult statue *more lifelike than the votive figures *muscle represents power and strength *no beard |
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Head of Akkadian Ruler
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*Akkadian *found in a rubbish heap in Ninevah *Sargon, first ruler, powerful, bearded *copper-cast statue (copper alloy) *eyes were inlayed, later gouged out *deliberate mutilation *patterned, unrealistic beard *wearing linen, folded headcloth--leadership or kingship *quality of material and craftsmanship indicated power or royalty |
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Stele of Narum-Sin
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*Akkadian *Sargon's grandson, king of the four corners of the earth *stele, engraved stone *a conquering is being depicted, pleading and dying enemies, military conquest *from city of Sousa *celebrating defeat of mountain people *gods depicted as symbols *artist represented landscape and setting, narrative inscription as well as commemoration *Narum-Sin larger than others, has a beard, weapons, headdress with horns (viking) *horns symbol of the gods, Narum-Sin equating himself with gods |
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Stele of Hammurabi
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*Old Babylonian *6th in a long line of Babylonian kings *7 ft. long, image on the top, 3500 words fill the rest, law codes institued by Hammurabi, brought power to him *image of Hammurabi and sun god Shamash, has ring and rod, symbol of gods *Shamash seated on temple-like throne *gods giving Hammurabi authority, those who could not read could recognize his authority *strong arms like Gudea *elaborate, unreal beards, moved to the side so they could be seen from the front and show power, wisdom through age |
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Human-headed Winged Bulls (lamassu)
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*Assyrian *colossal in size *set in pairs *five legs, to be seen from the front and the side *head of Assyrian king or god, very patterned beard and gods' helmet *protected the city and palace *placed in various places throughout city *wings allow them to travel and go anywhere, human head demonstrates knowledge |
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Assurnasirpal II Killing Lions
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*Assyrian *from the palace *slabs of stone decorated palace *shows the kings strength and power *propaganda for the king, one of intimidation and power *ability to kill lions shows great power *king protecting his people, lion represents the enemy *dying lions emphasize strength *stone carving |
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temple structure on top; bridge between heaven and earth; layered because built one on top of another; mud brick |
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everyone is designated to play certain roles; a society built around the gods |
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an image created as a devotional offering to a god or other deity |
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high priest of ziggurat and god |
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a stone slab placed vertically and decorated with inscriptions or reliefs; used as a grave marker or memorial |
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supernatural guardian-protector of ancient Near Eastern palaces and throne rooms, often represented sculpturally as a combination of the bearded head of a man, powerful body of a lion or bull, wings of an eagle, and the horned headdress of a god, and usually possessing five legs |
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wrote book "Ninevah and its Remains" |
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Palette of Narmer
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*Predynastic *found in late 19th century (Nehken) *Hieraconpolis, temple complex, buried underneath the floor *carved on both sides, divided into three sections *bulls horns on human head, catfish and chisel, resembles Mesopotamian saw *Narmer is large, hierarchical scale *smiting the enemy, enemy is submissive and weak *palette used for mixing makeup *servant has pharoah's shoes, holy ground, ritual act *falcon conquering enemy *papyrus from lower Egypt, taking over the land and the people *bull (king) conquering cities, enemy beheaded *joining of the two lands *small flagbearers represent nomes *king has the tail of a bull, false beard, detail in leg muscle *defeated the enemy, displaying the dead |
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Step Pyramid of Djoser
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*Old Kingdom *first entirely stone structure built by man (quarried, cut, set in place) *moved into monumental architecture *mastaba (bench) tombs, chapel, serdab, burial shaft and chamber *mastaba tombs placed one upon another *built in Sahara, huge complex strictly for his death *surrounding buildings are artificial, foil thieves, something for the king's afterlife, mirrors palace |
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*Old Kingdom *few kings after Djoser *80 or 90 pyramids in Egypt *three pyramids of Giza *built east to west, life in the east, death in the west *temple connected to pyramid *chambers built as pyramid goes up |
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*Old Kingdom *largest pyramid *father built four pyramids, achieved true pyramid *building methods unknown *tomb *originally covered in smooth limestone *entrance on north side *4 chambers *Petrie discovered 3 inch Khufu statue *inner chambers faced with massive granite stones |
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*Old Kingdom *pyramid of Giza *Sphinx in front *sculpture, a number of statues of Khafre were found *made of dioryte *very stiff and formal *for his afterlife *idealized image *Nemes headdress (linen) *displayed as being very fit *hand is grasping something, not sure what *Sima Tawa on throne, upper and lower Egypt *lions on the throne, symbol of king *falcon is Horace protecting king |
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Menkhaure and a Queen
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*Old Kingdom *found in his valley temple *statue very much like Khafre *dress is unrealistically tight and contoured, shows off womanly form, ideology of women *8 of these statues *queen has arm around him, support *man and woman equal and proportional size |
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*Old Kingdom *wooden statue, several pieces of wood, plastered and painted *depiction of a man who is not royalty *more realistic, not idealized or perfected *from a private tomb |
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Portrait Panel of Hesira
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*Old Kingdom *come from the private tomb of Hesira, a scribe *made of wood *placed along the corridor of tomb *features are shown the way they look the best, no distinguished right or left foot *canon of proportions, grid system (to replicate) *who he is is more important than what he is doing |
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Ti Watching the Hippopotamus Hunt
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*Old Kingdom *on a skiff *measured in hierarchical scale *small hippos, not to scale *not true to real life *image on the wall of Ti's tomb *idealization/symbolic rendering of Ti's life, not something he would actually do, makes him look stronger |
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*Middle Kingdom *reunified country *known as both I and II *from Thebes, central Egypt, statue found on its side *wrapped in linen while paint was still wet *painted sandstone *painted with black skin *very large feet *made very quickly *reigned almost 50 years *country had been at war, lacking skilled artisans *king is tied to god of the dead, perhaps justifies black skin, Osiris *wearing the red crown *looks god like |
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Pectoral of Senusret II
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*Middle Kingdom *found in the tomb of his daughter *his name in the cartouche *necklace-like *very symmetrical *features the god Iteh, time recorded on notched palm branches, represents millions of years *captures the ideal of perpetuating life and fertility, millions of years of life for Senusret II *made for daughter as protection of the king |
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Senwosret III (fragment)
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*Middle Kingdom *brown quartzite stone *appears haggard and aged, creases in the forehead, frowning *during the middle kingdom we begin to see signs of age and weariness *disappears by new kingdom |
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Funerary Temple of Hatshepsut
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*New Kingdom *female reigns as king for 20 years *temple complex to her father *based on Montuhotep's plans *divine birth, really the daughter of Aman-Ra *attempts to legitimize rule *rules after husband dies and her step son is too young to take over king’s rule *temple had statues in front of pillars *she is portrayed as Osiris |
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Seated Statue of Hatshepsut
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*she undergoes transformation from appearing female to male *based on based kingly iconography, Khafre *put together as fragments *this particular seated statue has her depicted as her own female form |
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Hypostyle Hall, Temple of Amen, Karnak
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*New Kingdom *a detail of Hypostyle Hall in Thebes *New Kingdom temple *enormous hall *setting for homage of the gods *place for kingly propaganda |
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Colossal Figure of Akhenaten
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*New Kingdom *Amarna period *Amarna built by Akhenaten *from temple at Karnak *not portrayed in the typical kingly manner |
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Akhenaten and His Family
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*New Kingdom *because he was high priest, wanted to be depicted as both male and female *elongated face and feminine features *believed in monotheism in a time that it was unheard of *solar disc (Ahten) shines down only on royal family *destruction centered on the god Amin, rejected by Akhenaten *female theory shot down because women were not depicted as curvacious *ruled for 17 years *don't know what happened to him *tomb pillaged shortly after death |
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*New Kingdom *name means "the beautiful one has come" *found at a sculptor's workshop *icon of Ancient Egypt *painted limestone *portrays the idea of human and female beauty |
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Interior of the Coffin of Tutankhamen
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*New Kingdom *born Tutanaken *no reference to him at Amarna *we do not know who his father is *comes to rule at age 9, rules for about ten years *dies and buried in Valley of the Kings *obscured the entrance *Howard Carter and Lord Carvarvon financed excavation *specifically looks for this tomb *Carter finds royal tomb unplundered in 1922 *hundreds of valuable things found inside *weighs 300 lbs *covered in gold *holding the crook and the flail *inlayed eyes and images of the gods/godesses *solid gold *hieroglyphics down the center *resin poured over coffin |
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Pectoral of Tutankhamen
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*New Kingdom *named Khepru *dung beetles *observe nature and takes scarab beetle as symbol *viewed the pushing of poo as the progression of the sun god across the sky *Tut's name written out *prenomen, Nebkheprure (lordly representation of Re) |
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Temple of Ramses II, Abu Simbel
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*New Kingdom *dynasty 19 *mummy has been well preserved *ruled for 50 or 60 years *Abu Simbel is carved mountain *found in 19th century by Belzoni *four 60/70 ft. seated statues of Ramses *wife and mother at feet, massive hierarchical scale *walls covered with accounts of Ramses *light would shine in on cult statues *Ramses on same level as the gods *cut up temple and reassembled further away to avoid the flooding of Lake Nasser *Nefertari beloved queen |
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Queen Nefertari Making an Offering to Isis
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*New Kingdom *very elaborate tomb near the Valley of the Kings *found in 1904 by an Italian *wearing a robe with changes in fashion, elaborate crown *Isis holds the ankh and scepter *all funerary imagery in tomb *offering to Isis in order to gain a favor |
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*New Kingdom *private tomb painting *all sorts of animal life *Nabanum accompanied by wife and daughter *wife is dressed for a banquet *not actually fowling on the marshes *imagery in tomb for hope of lots of game in afterlife, not biographical |
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Judgement of Hu-Nefer Before Osiris
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*New Kingdom *from the tomb of Hu-Nefer *scene commissioned from the book of the dead *depicts Maat, goddess of justice, overseeing the weighing of the heart against the feather of Maat *Ammit at the base of scale, the devourer waits at the scale to devour the heart if it weights against Hu-Nefer *Horace brings Hu-Nefer to shrine, outcome is good for Hu-Nefer |
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Black Land; fertility, growing, abundance, life |
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stone with three tiers of writing, from top to bottom: hieroglyphic, demotic, and Greek |
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found Rosetta Stone; three languages on the stone, one Greek, therefore hieroglyphics translatable; 1822 he translates Rosetta Stone and stories can now be deciphered |
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1880 goes to Egypt; recognizes the value of small-scale finds; cares about discovering ancient Egyptian culture and timelines; trains archeologist in methodology |
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Italian traveler, famous; interested in going to Egypt to instate a hydraulic system which failed; takes antiquities back to England; discovers many artifacts, displays in Picadilly square; generates public interest in Egypt |
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the life force of an individual; distinguished between life and death; upon death, ka separates from the body; needs a statue to reside in, ka statue; life |
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a flat-topped, one-story structure with slanted walls over an ancient Egyptian underground tomb |
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confusing passageways to foil potential tomb robbers |
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Cannon of Proportions and Egyptian Grid System |
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a set of ideal mathematical ratios in art based on measurements of the human body; a system of regularly spaced horizontally and vertically crossed lines that gives regularity to an architectural plan |
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waters of Nun (Nu); waters of chaos; ben-ben stone emerges from withi; reflected in pyramids and obelisks |
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Old Kingdom funerary text |
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Middle Kingdom funerary text |
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all funerary texts from the New Kingdom; when planning for afterlife, one would commission chapters to be enacted |
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son of Geb and Nut, brother of Seth, Isis, and Nephthys; takes Isis as wife, becomes king of Egypt; Seth kills brother, hacks body up, and snatches throne; Isis and Nephthys gather up remains of Osirus and with Anubis, patch him back together; Isis conceives his son, Horus; Horus becomes king after conquering Seth and Osiris returns to the underworld to rule |
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the moment the creator god emerged and took form in order to give birth to creation |
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