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Unit 1: Ancnt Near East/Egypt
Unit One, Art History
55
Art History
Undergraduate 1
09/25/2008

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Cards

Term
Votive Figures [image]
Definition
*Sumerian
*from Eshnuna, now Tell Asmar
*tallest is 30 in.
*emphasis on beards
*found buried carefully under floor of Temple of Abu
*very large eyes to "keep fixed on the god"
*buried for preservation and protection
*figures originally place in temple in front of cult statue
*looking up and forward carrying offerings
*function as a perpetual prayer
Term
Great Lyre with Bulls Head [image]
Definition
*Sumerian
*represents wealth
*displays picture of scorpion god
*musical instrument
*bull has a beard (somewhat out of place)
*royal, very costly, imported from Afghanistan
*inlayed with glyptic art: man taking over bulls (mythology), animals acting human, picture of bull's head lyre, a banquet, etc.
Term
Nanna Ziggurat [image]
Definition
*Sumerian
*located in Ur
*Nanna is moon god
*heavily restored
*temple was center of city, most important
*high priest was god-like
*enormous staircase to "approach god"
*designed with niches and buttresses
*made from sun-dried brick, less well preserved than the pyramids
Term
Votive Statue of Gudea [image]
Definition
*Sumerian
*ensei of Legash
*made of dioryte
*20 statues of him have survived
*refers to God as "his king"
*writing on robe
*not a portrait, placed before the temple statue as an offering
*acts in place of Gudea in front of alter
*offering the god water
*petitions the god through the cult statue
*more lifelike than the votive figures
*muscle represents power and strength
*no beard
Term
Head of Akkadian Ruler [image]
Definition
*Akkadian
*found in a rubbish heap in Ninevah
*Sargon, first ruler, powerful, bearded
*copper-cast statue (copper alloy)
*eyes were inlayed, later gouged out
*deliberate mutilation
*patterned, unrealistic beard
*wearing linen, folded headcloth--leadership or kingship
*quality of material and craftsmanship indicated power or royalty
Term
Stele of Narum-Sin [image]
Definition
*Akkadian
*Sargon's grandson, king of the four corners of the earth
*stele, engraved stone
*a conquering is being depicted, pleading and dying enemies, military conquest
*from city of Sousa
*celebrating defeat of mountain people
*gods depicted as symbols
*artist represented landscape and setting, narrative inscription as well as commemoration
*Narum-Sin larger than others, has a beard, weapons, headdress with horns (viking)
*horns symbol of the gods, Narum-Sin equating himself with gods
Term
Stele of Hammurabi [image]
Definition
*Old Babylonian
*6th in a long line of Babylonian kings
*7 ft. long, image on the top, 3500 words fill the rest, law codes institued by Hammurabi, brought power to him
*image of Hammurabi and sun god Shamash, has ring and rod, symbol of gods
*Shamash seated on temple-like throne
*gods giving Hammurabi authority, those who could not read could recognize his authority
*strong arms like Gudea
*elaborate, unreal beards, moved to the side so they could be seen from the front and show power, wisdom through age
Term
Human-headed Winged Bulls (lamassu) [image]
Definition
*Assyrian
*colossal in size
*set in pairs
*five legs, to be seen from the front and the side
*head of Assyrian king or god, very patterned beard and gods' helmet
*protected the city and palace
*placed in various places throughout city
*wings allow them to travel and go anywhere, human head demonstrates knowledge
Term
Assurnasirpal II Killing Lions [image]
Definition
*Assyrian
*from the palace
*slabs of stone decorated palace
*shows the kings strength and power
*propaganda for the king, one of intimidation and power
*ability to kill lions shows great power
*king protecting his people, lion represents the enemy
*dying lions emphasize strength
*stone carving
Term
Ziggurat
Definition
temple structure on top; bridge between heaven and earth; layered because built one on top of another; mud brick
Term
Theocratic Socialism
Definition
everyone is designated to play certain roles; a society built around the gods
Term
votive statue
Definition
an image created as a devotional offering to a god or other deity
Term
ensi
Definition
high priest of ziggurat and god
Term
stele
Definition
a stone slab placed vertically and decorated with inscriptions or reliefs; used as a grave marker or memorial
Term
lamassu
Definition
supernatural guardian-protector of ancient Near Eastern palaces and throne rooms, often represented sculpturally as a combination of the bearded head of a man, powerful body of a lion or bull, wings of an eagle, and the horned headdress of a god, and usually possessing five legs
Term
Austen Henry Layard
Definition
wrote book "Ninevah and its Remains"
Term
Palette of Narmer [image]
Definition
*Predynastic
*found in late 19th century (Nehken)
*Hieraconpolis, temple complex, buried underneath the floor
*carved on both sides, divided into three sections
*bulls horns on human head, catfish and chisel, resembles Mesopotamian saw
*Narmer is large, hierarchical scale
*smiting the enemy, enemy is submissive and weak
*palette used for mixing makeup
*servant has pharoah's shoes, holy ground, ritual act
*falcon conquering enemy
*papyrus from lower Egypt, taking over the land and the people
*bull (king) conquering cities, enemy beheaded
*joining of the two lands
*small flagbearers represent nomes
*king has the tail of a bull, false beard, detail in leg muscle
*defeated the enemy, displaying the dead
Term
Step Pyramid of Djoser [image]
Definition
*Old Kingdom
*first entirely stone structure built by man (quarried, cut, set in place)
*moved into monumental architecture
*mastaba (bench) tombs, chapel, serdab, burial shaft and chamber
*mastaba tombs placed one upon another
*built in Sahara, huge complex strictly for his death
*surrounding buildings are artificial, foil thieves, something for the king's afterlife, mirrors palace
Term
Pyramids of Giza [image]
Definition
*Old Kingdom
*few kings after Djoser
*80 or 90 pyramids in Egypt
*three pyramids of Giza
*built east to west, life in the east, death in the west
*temple connected to pyramid
*chambers built as pyramid goes up
Term
Pyramid of Khufu [image]
Definition
*Old Kingdom
*largest pyramid
*father built four pyramids, achieved true pyramid
*building methods unknown
*tomb
*originally covered in smooth limestone
*entrance on north side
*4 chambers
*Petrie discovered 3 inch Khufu statue
*inner chambers faced with massive granite stones
Term
Khafre [image]
Definition
*Old Kingdom
*pyramid of Giza
*Sphinx in front
*sculpture, a number of statues of Khafre were found
*made of dioryte
*very stiff and formal
*for his afterlife
*idealized image
*Nemes headdress (linen)
*displayed as being very fit
*hand is grasping something, not sure what
*Sima Tawa on throne, upper and lower Egypt
*lions on the throne, symbol of king
*falcon is Horace protecting king
Term
Menkhaure and a Queen [image]
Definition
*Old Kingdom
*found in his valley temple
*statue very much like Khafre
*dress is unrealistically tight and contoured, shows off womanly form, ideology of women
*8 of these statues
*queen has arm around him, support
*man and woman equal and proportional size
Term
Ka-aper [image]
Definition
*Old Kingdom
*wooden statue, several pieces of wood, plastered and painted
*depiction of a man who is not royalty
*more realistic, not idealized or perfected
*from a private tomb
Term
Portrait Panel of Hesira [image]
Definition
*Old Kingdom
*come from the private tomb of Hesira, a scribe
*made of wood
*placed along the corridor of tomb
*features are shown the way they look the best, no distinguished right or left foot
*canon of proportions, grid system (to replicate)
*who he is is more important than what he is doing
Term
Ti Watching the Hippopotamus Hunt [image]
Definition
*Old Kingdom
*on a skiff
*measured in hierarchical scale
*small hippos, not to scale
*not true to real life
*image on the wall of Ti's tomb
*idealization/symbolic rendering of Ti's life, not something he would actually do, makes him look stronger
Term
Mentuhotep II [image]
Definition
*Middle Kingdom
*reunified country
*known as both I and II
*from Thebes, central Egypt, statue found on its side
*wrapped in linen while paint was still wet
*painted sandstone
*painted with black skin
*very large feet
*made very quickly
*reigned almost 50 years
*country had been at war, lacking skilled artisans
*king is tied to god of the dead, perhaps justifies black skin, Osiris
*wearing the red crown
*looks god like
Term
Pectoral of Senusret II [image]
Definition
*Middle Kingdom
*found in the tomb of his daughter
*his name in the cartouche
*necklace-like
*very symmetrical
*features the god Iteh, time recorded on notched palm branches, represents millions of years
*captures the ideal of perpetuating life and fertility, millions of years of life for Senusret II
*made for daughter as protection of the king
Term
Senwosret III (fragment) [image]
Definition
*Middle Kingdom
*brown quartzite stone
*appears haggard and aged, creases in the forehead, frowning
*during the middle kingdom we begin to see signs of age and weariness
*disappears by new kingdom
Term
Funerary Temple of Hatshepsut [image]
Definition
*New Kingdom
*female reigns as king for 20 years
*temple complex to her father
*based on Montuhotep's plans
*divine birth, really the daughter of Aman-Ra
*attempts to legitimize rule
*rules after husband dies and her step son is too young to take over king’s rule
*temple had statues in front of pillars
*she is portrayed as Osiris
Term
Seated Statue of Hatshepsut [image]
Definition
*she undergoes transformation from appearing female to male
*based on based kingly iconography, Khafre
*put together as fragments
*this particular seated statue has her depicted as her own female form
Term
Hypostyle Hall, Temple of Amen, Karnak [image]
Definition
*New Kingdom
*a detail of Hypostyle Hall in Thebes
*New Kingdom temple
*enormous hall
*setting for homage of the gods
*place for kingly propaganda
Term
Colossal Figure of Akhenaten [image]
Definition
*New Kingdom
*Amarna period
*Amarna built by Akhenaten
*from temple at Karnak
*not portrayed in the typical kingly manner
Term
Akhenaten and His Family [image]
Definition
*New Kingdom
*because he was high priest, wanted to be depicted as both male and female
*elongated face and feminine features
*believed in monotheism in a time that it was unheard of
*solar disc (Ahten) shines down only on royal family
*destruction centered on the god Amin, rejected by Akhenaten
*female theory shot down because women were not depicted as curvacious
*ruled for 17 years
*don't know what happened to him
*tomb pillaged shortly after death
Term
Nefertiti [image]
Definition
*New Kingdom
*name means "the beautiful one has come"
*found at a sculptor's workshop
*icon of Ancient Egypt
*painted limestone
*portrays the idea of human and female beauty
Term
Interior of the Coffin of Tutankhamen [image]
Definition
*New Kingdom
*born Tutanaken
*no reference to him at Amarna
*we do not know who his father is
*comes to rule at age 9, rules for about ten years
*dies and buried in Valley of the Kings
*obscured the entrance
*Howard Carter and Lord Carvarvon financed excavation
*specifically looks for this tomb
*Carter finds royal tomb unplundered in 1922
*hundreds of valuable things found inside
*weighs 300 lbs
*covered in gold
*holding the crook and the flail
*inlayed eyes and images of the gods/godesses
*solid gold
*hieroglyphics down the center
*resin poured over coffin
Term
Pectoral of Tutankhamen [image]
Definition
*New Kingdom
*named Khepru
*dung beetles
*observe nature and takes scarab beetle as symbol
*viewed the pushing of poo as the progression of the sun god across the sky
*Tut's name written out
*prenomen, Nebkheprure (lordly representation of Re)
Term
Temple of Ramses II, Abu Simbel [image]
Definition
*New Kingdom
*dynasty 19
*mummy has been well preserved
*ruled for 50 or 60 years
*Abu Simbel is carved mountain
*found in 19th century by Belzoni
*four 60/70 ft. seated statues of Ramses
*wife and mother at feet, massive hierarchical scale
*walls covered with accounts of Ramses
*light would shine in on cult statues
*Ramses on same level as the gods
*cut up temple and reassembled further away to avoid the flooding of Lake Nasser
*Nefertari beloved queen
Term
Queen Nefertari Making an Offering to Isis [image]
Definition
*New Kingdom
*very elaborate tomb near the Valley of the Kings
*found in 1904 by an Italian
*wearing a robe with changes in fashion, elaborate crown
*Isis holds the ankh and scepter
*all funerary imagery in tomb
*offering to Isis in order to gain a favor
Term
Nabamun Fowling [image]
Definition
*New Kingdom
*private tomb painting
*all sorts of animal life
*Nabanum accompanied by wife and daughter
*wife is dressed for a banquet
*not actually fowling on the marshes
*imagery in tomb for hope of lots of game in afterlife, not biographical
Term
Judgement of Hu-Nefer Before Osiris [image]
Definition
*New Kingdom
*from the tomb of Hu-Nefer
*scene commissioned from the book of the dead
*depicts Maat, goddess of justice, overseeing the weighing of the heart against the feather of Maat
*Ammit at the base of scale, the devourer waits at the scale to devour the heart if it weights against Hu-Nefer
*Horace brings Hu-Nefer to shrine, outcome is good for Hu-Nefer
Term
Kemet
Definition
Black Land; fertility, growing, abundance, life
Term
Rosetta Stone
Definition
stone with three tiers of writing, from top to bottom: hieroglyphic, demotic, and Greek
Term
Champollion
Definition
found Rosetta Stone; three languages on the stone, one Greek, therefore hieroglyphics translatable; 1822 he translates Rosetta Stone and stories can now be deciphered
Term
Petrie
Definition
1880 goes to Egypt; recognizes the value of small-scale finds; cares about discovering ancient Egyptian culture and timelines; trains archeologist in methodology
Term
Belzoni
Definition
Italian traveler, famous; interested in going to Egypt to instate a hydraulic system which failed; takes antiquities back to England; discovers many artifacts, displays in Picadilly square; generates public interest in Egypt
Term
ka
Definition
the life force of an individual; distinguished between life and death; upon death, ka separates from the body; needs a statue to reside in, ka statue; life
Term
mastaba tomb
Definition
a flat-topped, one-story structure with slanted walls over an ancient Egyptian underground tomb
Term
false door
Definition
confusing passageways to foil potential tomb robbers
Term
Cannon of Proportions and Egyptian Grid System
Definition
a set of ideal mathematical ratios in art based on measurements of the human body; a system of regularly spaced horizontally and vertically crossed lines that gives regularity to an architectural plan
Term
benben stone
Definition
waters of Nun (Nu); waters of chaos; ben-ben stone emerges from withi; reflected in pyramids and obelisks
Term
Pyramid Texts
Definition
Old Kingdom funerary text
Term
Coffin Texts
Definition
Middle Kingdom funerary text
Term
Book of the Dead
Definition
all funerary texts from the New Kingdom; when planning for afterlife, one would commission chapters to be enacted
Term
myth of Osiris
Definition
son of Geb and Nut, brother of Seth, Isis, and Nephthys; takes Isis as wife, becomes king of Egypt; Seth kills brother, hacks body up, and snatches throne; Isis and Nephthys gather up remains of Osirus and with Anubis, patch him back together; Isis conceives his son, Horus; Horus becomes king after conquering Seth and Osiris returns to the underworld to rule
Term
First Occasion
Definition
the moment the creator god emerged and took form in order to give birth to creation
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