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Unit 1 - Cardiovascular
I will put numbers on the cards that correlate to the course objectives
57
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
01/09/2013

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Cards

Term

Objective #6

Atria

Definition
Top chambers of heart. Recieve blood returned by veins of circulation.
Term

Objective #6

Ventricles

Definition
Expel blood into the arteries. Contraction
Term

Objective #1

Where is the heart located?

Definition

The mediastinum - Slightly left of midline

In the pericardium

Term

Objective #6

Name the different septums

Definition

Interatrial - Divides atria

Intervetricular - Divides ventricles

Atrioventricular - divides atria from ventricles

Term

Objective #6

Name different valves of the heart

Definition

AV valve - allows blood to pass from atria to ventricles

Semilunar valve - allows blood to go from ventricles to arteries

 

Term

Objective #3

Describe the three layers of the pericardium

Definition

Fibrous pericardium - Loose fitting fibrous sack that holds and protects the heart.

Parietal and Visceral pericardium - Make up the serous pericardium. Visceral lines the outside of the heart

In between the Parietal and Visceral Pericardium lies serous fluid.

Term

Objective #4

Identify myocardium and describe its histological structure, including the significance of  intercalated discs

Definition
Cardiomyocytes. Involuntary, striated. Intercalated discs are junctions between adjacent cells which ALLOW HEART MUSCLE TO CONTRACT AS ONE. Lets cytoplasm coordinate between many muscle cells.
Term

Objective #1

Describe the shape of the heart

Definition
Triangle upside down. Apex included
Term
Biggest cranial nerve for parasympathetic glands, interacts with SA node
Definition
Vagus
Term
SA Node
Definition
Sets heart rate. Stimulated by Vagus nerve. Stimulates Atria
Term
Autorhythmicity
Definition
Cardiomycocytes have their own rhythm for contraction/relaxation.
Term
AV Node
Definition
Stimulates Bundle of His. Stimulates Atria
Term
Bundle of His
Definition
Stimulated by AV node. Divides into Perkinje Fibers.
Term

Objective #13

Rate polarizing times, refractory period by shortest to longest

Definition
Neuron (shortest), skeletal muscle (because of Ca), cardiomyocytes (longest). The cardiomyocytes have a larger refractory period because they have to wait until enough blood travels into the atria/ventricles.
Term
Another name for pacemaker
Definition
SA Node
Term

Objective #12

P Wave

Definition
Atrial Depolarization. Na rushes into cells of the atrial myocardium
Term

Objective #12

QRS Complex

Definition
Ventricular Depolorization. Na rushes into cells of ventricular myocardium
Term

Objective #12

T Wave

Definition
Ventricular Repolarazation. K moves out of cells of the ventricular myocardium
Term

Objective #12

ST Segment

Definition
Time between ventricles being in full contraction to not contracted. Refractory period.
Term
Cardiac Output
Definition
Volume of blood ejected from heart each minute
Term
Stroke Volume
Definition
Volume of blood pumped from one ventricle of heart with each beat
Term
Heart Rate
Definition
How many heart beats per minute
Term
End Systolic Volume
Definition
amount of blood volume directly after contraction of heart muscles
Term
End Diastolic Volume
Definition
Amount of blood volume directly after relaxation
Term
Stroke Volume Formula
Definition
SV=EDV-ESV
Term
Cardiac Output Formula
Definition
CO=SVxHR
Term
Contractility
Definition
Ability of the heart muscles to contract
Term
Stroke Volume Depends on:
Definition
Contractility and end diastolic volume (EDV)
Term

Objective #9

Define systemic circulation

Definition
Blood going to body parts
Term

Objective #9

Define pulmonary circulation

Definition
Blood flow to lungs and back
Term
Stroke Volume is largely dependent on
Definition
Blood volume and veinous return
Term
ANP (Atrial Natriuretic Peptide)
Definition
Atrial cells detect increase in blood pressure, then secrete this hormone to act on the kidney to get rid of sodium.
Term
Vasoconstriction
Definition
Immediate response to sudden loss of stroke volume/blood volume.
Term

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system

 

Definition
Aims to raise blood pressure in the long term. Vessels lose diameter for the short term, but the RAA system aims to regulate the blood volume.
Term
Baroreceptors
Definition
Detect decrease in blood pressure
Term
Vasodilation
Definition
Decreases blood pressure; blood vessels dilate.
Term

Objective #5

Discuss the structure and significance of the endocardium

Definition
Controls Myocardium function. Also acts as a blood-heart barrier (so that the myocardium doesn't absorb blood meant to stay in the ventricles/atria)
Term

Objective #6

Chordae Tendinae

Definition
Connects valves to papillary muscles. Helps valves close properly to prevent backflow
Term

Objective #6

Papillary muscles

Definition
Located in the ventricles of the heart. Contract to close valves and prevent backflow of blood
Term

Objective #7

Compare and contrast Atrioventricular valves to Semilunar Valves

 

Definition

AV valves connect atria to ventricles. Semilunar valves connect ventricles to the main arteries (aortic and pulmonary)

Semilunar valves do NOT have chordae tendinae; AV valves do.

Term

Objective #8

 Identify the major blood vessels entering and leaving the heart and classify them as either an artery or a vein and as containing either oxygenated or deoxygenated blood.

Definition

Aorta-carries oxygenated blood to body parts (artery, systemic)

Pulmonary Artery-carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs (pulmonary)

Pulmonary Veins-carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atria (pulmonary)

Coronary Arteries-carry oxygenated blood to heart muscles

Coronary veins-carry deoxygenated blood back to coronary sinus, then into left atria

Term

Objective #10

Map out blood flow through the heart, body and back

 

Definition
Right atrium -> Tricuspid valve -> Right ventricle -> pulmonary valve -> pulmonary trunk -> pulmonary arteries -> lungs -> pulmonary veins -> left atrium -> bicuspid valve -> left ventricle -> aortic valve -> aorta -> systemic arteries -> arterioles -> venuoles -> veins -> vena cava -> right atrium
Term

Objective #11

Identify the right and left coronary arteries and their branches, the cardiac veins, and the coronary sinus.

Definition

Right and left coronary arteries branch from the aorta. Right branches into posterior descending artery and right marginal artery. Left branches into left circumflex artery and left anterior descending artery.

The great cardiac vein starts at apex and ascends along the anterior longitudinal sulcus. 

The middle cardiac vein ascends posterior longitudinal sinus.

Cardiac veins flow into coronary sinus, which empties into right atrium.

Term

Objective #14

Contrast pacemaker action potentials with cardiac muscle action potentials

Definition
Term

Objective #14

Compare and contrast cardiac muscle with skeletal muscle

Definition
Both types of muscle are striated. Skeletal muscle is voluntary, while cardiac muscle is involuntary. Skeletal muscle gets signals from motor neurons in the nervous system. Cardiac muscle can get signals from pacemaker cells outside of the nervous system. Cardiac muscle stays depolorized longer and has a longer refractory period.
Term

Objective #15

List parts of the conduction system and their functions

 Sinoatrial Node (SAN)

Definition

Impulse generating pacemaker in the right atrium. Generates normal nodal rhythm.

 

Term

Objective #15

Atrioventricular Node (AVN)

Definition

Atrioventricular Node (AVN) - Electrically connects atria and ventricular chambers. Coordinates top of heart

 

Term

Objective #15

AV Bundle

Definition

AVBundle - Bundle of conductive cells that transport electrical impulses from the AV node to the apex of the heart. Branches turn into perkinje fibers

 

Term
Objective #15
Perkinje Fibers 
Definition
 Carry action potentials to stimulate rhythmic heartbeats.
Term

Objective #16

Define automatacity

Definition
Ability of the heart to regulate it's beat, speed, output, etc automatically (without you having to think about it)
Term

Objective #16

Why does the SA node pace the heart?

Definition
Simply because it generates impulses slightly faster than other parts of the heart.
Term

Objective #17

Explain how the cardiac conduction system makes the heart pump blood efficiently.

Definition
The cells of the heart contract and relax together because they are synchronized by electrical impulses.
Term

Objective #18

Describe the role of the autonomic nervous system in the regulation of cardiac function

Definition
Term
Vitamin K's role in clotting
Definition
Vitamin K allows you to make fibrinogen and prothrombin
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