Term
| nerve cells are typically excitable or inhibitory? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| typically what are nerve cells comprised of (basic)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a nerve cells basic function? |
|
Definition
| to generate and perpetuate action potential via synapse |
|
|
Term
| T/F synaptic signaling is solely chemical dependent upon membrane polarity, ion channels and neurotransmitters. |
|
Definition
false
part electrical and part chemical |
|
|
Term
| nerve cells make up two sub systems ____ and____ with ____ and _____ support. |
|
Definition
CNS and PNS
structural and metabolic |
|
|
Term
| who studied neurons in the early 1900s, using stains and said that neurons are not connected but communicated by contact? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when studying neurons, what two units of measurement are used? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| compared to a pencil lead, what is the size of a neuron? |
|
Definition
| about 20-200 times smaller |
|
|
Term
| in the 19th century what did scientists found was able to harden the brain tissue that lead to further studying? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nissl and Golgi found what in the 19th century using stains? |
|
Definition
| the nucleus of the neuron and tiny tubes called neurites |
|
|
Term
| what does the rough ER have and what are they used for? |
|
Definition
| ribosomes used to make proteins |
|
|
Term
| the rough ER sits between and connected to what two important organelles? |
|
Definition
nuclear envelope
golgi complex |
|
|
Term
| give a brief description of how the ribosomes make proteins. |
|
Definition
| mRNA binds to the ribosomes and translates the mRNA using amino acids to make a protein molecule |
|
|
Term
| they cytosol is crowded with what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F the smooth ER is not connected to the nuclear envelope. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what metabolic functions does the smooth ER play a role in? |
|
Definition
synthesis of lipids
metabolism of carbs and calcium concentration
attachment of receptors on cell membrane proteins |
|
|
Term
| why is the network made by the smooth ER important? |
|
Definition
| allows and increased surface area for storage of key enzymes and the products they make |
|
|
Term
| what is the Golgi Apparatus key to? |
|
Definition
key to modifying, sorting, and packaging macromolecules for exocytosis or use within the cell
transport of lipids
creation of lysosomes |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the rough ER being connected to the Golgi Apparatus? |
|
Definition
| post translation modification |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a membrane enclosed organelle found in most eukaryotic cells |
|
|
Term
| what is the main role of the mitochondria in the cell? |
|
Definition
| generates most of the cells ATP supply through the electron transport chain |
|
|
Term
| besides producing most of the cells energy supply, the mitochondria are involved in what other processes? |
|
Definition
cell signaling
cellular differentiation
cell death
control of the cell cycle |
|
|
Term
| the membrane of the mitochondria is double or single layered? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what will aerobic exercise do to the number of mitochondria a neuron cell has and where? |
|
Definition
| increase mitochondria in the axon terminals |
|
|
Term
| T/F resistance training yields no neurological change. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F the mitochondria is associated with the aging process. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F the mitochondria has its own DNA similar to that of bacteria. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the nucleus contain? |
|
Definition
| most of the cells genetic material |
|
|
Term
| genes in the chromosomes make up what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the nucleus? |
|
Definition
| maintain the integrity of the genes and to control the activities of th cell by regulating gene expression |
|
|
Term
| what does the nucleus include? |
|
Definition
nuclear envelope
double membrane
nuclear lamina
meshwork for mechanical support |
|
|
Term
| T/F the nuclear membrane is permeable to most molecules. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is required for molecules to enter the nucleus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what nuclear function is required for exercise? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in 1948 Crick and Watson discovered what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the molecular basis for genes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F the ability to sustain ourselves is the ability to copy genetic code. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the talomere? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do genes express their functional effect? |
|
Definition
| through the production of proteins |
|
|
Term
| what are the four nucleotides and which pair with which? |
|
Definition
adenine
thymine
guanine
cytosine
A->T
C->G |
|
|
Term
| what does DNA replication do? |
|
Definition
| duplicates the DNA by splitting the strands and using each stand as a template |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a group of three nucleotides is called a what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does protein synthesis occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the point of mRNA? |
|
Definition
| means by which copies of DNA can be transported to the rough ER |
|
|
Term
| what is the process of assembling a piece of mRNA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in ordr to develop a movement what needs to happen? |
|
Definition
increase neuroconnectivity,
create more terminal branches to innervate more muscle fibers
need mRNA to make more proteins |
|
|
Term
| describe the cell membrane. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is the cell membrane arranged? |
|
Definition
spontaneously
hydrophilic heads turn out, while hydrophobic tails turn in |
|
|
Term
| what is embedded in the plasma membrane? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what facilitates the transfer of an electrical impulse from the terminal branch to the dendrite of another neuron? |
|
Definition
| the opening and closing of sodium and potassium channels |
|
|
Term
| T/F proteins can be on the surface or embedded in the phospholipid membrane. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what are glycoproteins?
what do they play a role in? |
|
Definition
proteins that contain oligosaccaride chains covalently attached to polypeptide side chains
cotranslational or postranslational modification |
|
|
Term
| name the functions of plasma membrane proteins. |
|
Definition
selective transport of substances
receptors
enzymatic activity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a dynamic structure that maintains cell shape, enables some movement, as well as intra-cellular transport (movement of vesicles and organelles) and cellular division |
|
|
Term
| T/F the cytoskeleton acts as the means by which information travels from the soma to the membrane of a cell. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| name the three filaments within the cytoskeleton. |
|
Definition
microtubules
microfilaments
intermediate filaments |
|
|
Term
| what is the largest cytoskeletal element? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A disease where a cell cannot transport vesicles due to the damaged shape of the microtubules, mainly in the frontal lobe of the brain is known as what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| vesicles travel along what to the terminal branch? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the structure of the microtubule. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| microtubules are part of the cytoskeleton, but also play a major role in what other part of the cell? |
|
Definition
cilia and flagella
and the formation of spindle fibers for cell division |
|
|
Term
| due to the different polarity of microtubule ends, they bond together to form long cylindrical what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what kind of proteins move vesicles of organelles around the cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the movement of organelles requires what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| motor proteins bring ____ to the terminal branches and _____ back to the cell body. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is another name for intermediate filaments? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the structure of the intermediate filaments. |
|
Definition
multiple subunits organized like links on a chain
three protein strands woven together |
|
|
Term
| explain why neurofilaments are repulsive. |
|
Definition
| because their purpose is to set the diameter of dendrites and axons, which is done by repelling each other due to their polarity |
|
|
Term
| the diameter of the axon and dendrite is important why? |
|
Definition
| the diameter determines the velocity of the action potential to the target |
|
|
Term
| describe the structure of microfilaments. |
|
Definition
| actin woven tightly in a helical formation |
|
|
Term
| what are molecular motors? |
|
Definition
| proteins able to move along the surface of a suitable substrate |
|
|
Term
| what are molecular motors powered by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dynein and Kinesin are molecular motors that move along microtubules and interact with what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a molecular motor that move along microtubules via a walking motion |
|
|
Term
| kinesin is responsible for shuttling what? |
|
Definition
mitochondria
golgi apparatus
vesicles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| large, complex, microtubule motors capable of a sliding movement |
|
|
Term
| dynein is responsible for facilitating what? |
|
Definition
| the movement of cilia and flagella |
|
|
Term
| T/F Kinesin can only move in one direction. |
|
Definition
false
can move in both directions |
|
|
Term
| what was the importance of Weiss's and Waller's experiments in the 19th century? |
|
Definition
| the axon cannot be sustained when the axon is separated from the parent cell body which explains the importance of the microtubules |
|
|
Term
| what is the importance of the Dystropin Glycoprotein Complex? |
|
Definition
| needed to anchor actin to the cell membrane to create more force |
|
|
Term
| describe the Dystropin Glycoprotein Complex. |
|
Definition
| as actin runs along the cell longitudinally, dystropin binds to actin and extends to the cytoskeleton of the muscle fiber and the surrounding extra-cellular matrix |
|
|
Term
why is dystropin important in the muscle contraction?
muscle dystrophy? |
|
Definition
allows myosin to move along action with a greater force
cannot produce dystropin |
|
|
Term
| describe type one neurons. |
|
Definition
| long axons that originate in the gray matter and extend outward to connect with other cortices |
|
|
Term
| describe type two neurons. |
|
Definition
| short axons or no axons that send information locally |
|
|
Term
| where are basket cells found? what type of neurons are they? |
|
Definition
cortex and cerebellum
interneurons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| interneurons of the cerebellum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| type one neurons of the cerebellum, multipolar |
|
|
Term
| T/F neurons can only be unipolar. |
|
Definition
false
unipolar
bipolar
multipolar |
|
|
Term
| the white matter of the brain has what type of axons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the cell body of a neuron include? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| everything between the membrane and the nucleus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| branches projections of a neuron that act to conduct electrical stimulation received from other neural cells to the cell body |
|
|
Term
| where are the excitatory and inhibitory synapses on the dendrites? |
|
Definition
excitatory further from the cell body
inhibitory closer to the cell body |
|
|
Term
| how is the electrical stimulation transmitted to the dendrite? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the critical role of dendrites? |
|
Definition
| integrating the electrical inputs and determining the extent of the action potential |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the primary transmission lines of the nervous system |
|
|
Term
| what surrounds the axons of many neurons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what cells make the myelin sheath in peripheral neurons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what cells make the myelin sheath in the CNS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
gaps along the myelin sheath are called what?
what is the purpose? |
|
Definition
nodes of Ranvier
enabling saltation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a rapid mode of electrical impulse propagation |
|
|
Term
| what is Multiple Sclerosis? |
|
Definition
| the demyelination of axons which cause a slow impulse propagation |
|
|
Term
| what do neuroglia cells do? |
|
Definition
regulate the internal environment of the brain
provide nutrition
regulate clearance of neurotransmitters |
|
|
Term
| name the neuroglia cells of the CNS. |
|
Definition
oligodendroglia
microglia
astroglia
ependymal cells |
|
|
Term
| name the neuroglia cell of the PNS. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sub-type of glial cells in the brain that have long processes extending between and among the neurons and vascular components and inhabit extracellular space |
|
|
Term
| what are the functions of astrocytes? |
|
Definition
structural
metabolic support
help form blood brain barrier
transmitter reuptake and release
regulation of Na and K concentration
modulation of synaptic transmission
promotion of myelinating activity |
|
|
Term
| where does all that the cell does come from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are oligodendroglia? |
|
Definition
| more prevalent in the white matter of the brain where they form the myelin sheath |
|
|
Term
| T/F one oligodendroglia can only myelinate one axon. |
|
Definition
false
can myelinate as many as 30 axons |
|
|
Term
| what are microglia cells? |
|
Definition
| act in phagocytosis in the CNS |
|
|
Term
| T/F microglia cells are the smallest neuroglia. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are ependymal cells? |
|
Definition
| epithelial lining of the ventricles of the brain and central canal of the spinal cord with cilia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| envelope developing axons and later form the myelin sheath |
|
|
Term
| T/F Schwann cells are present in both the CNS and PNS. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F Schwann cells can myelinate an entire axon. |
|
Definition
false
can only myelinate a single node |
|
|
Term
| what is the axon terminal? |
|
Definition
| the end of the axon that comes to synapse with other neurons and passes information to them |
|
|
Term
| T/F the cytoplasm in the axon terminal is the same as the rest of the axon. |
|
Definition
false
differs that the microtubules don't extend to the inner membrane and there are many small vesicles |
|
|
Term
| what is the neurological adaptation to the axon terminal from exercise? |
|
Definition
| increase number of mitochondria to increase AP transmission |
|
|
Term
| what is a chemical synapse? |
|
Definition
| space between functional interaction between neurons, muscle, or glands |
|
|
Term
| what is the purpose of the synapse? |
|
Definition
| signal and pass information |
|
|
Term
| the part of the synapse where neurotransmitters are released is called what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the post-synaptic density? |
|
Definition
| a complex of interlinked proteins immediately behind the post-synaptic membrane |
|
|
Term
| what is included in the synapse? |
|
Definition
the pre-synaptic neuron
the post-synaptic cell
and the space between the two |
|
|
Term
| where can vesicles be infused with neurotransmitters? |
|
Definition
| in the cell body of terminal branch |
|
|
Term
| what is the SNARE Complex? |
|
Definition
| the docking of the synaptic vesicle to the inner membrane of the presynaptic terminal mediated by SNAREs (small proteins) |
|
|
Term
| what is the process of the SNARE Complex? |
|
Definition
1-the vesicle is transported to the terminal branch waiting to be or already infused with neurotransmitters
2-SNAREs assemble bridges the plasma membrane with the vesicle
3-prime the vesicle to release the neurotransmitter
4-calcium binds to snyaptotagmin and the neurotransmitter is released (only after the AP has caused the calcium channels to open) |
|
|
Term
| afferent neurons send their signal in which direction? |
|
Definition
| from tissues and organs to the CNS |
|
|
Term
| efferent neurons transmit the signal in which direction? |
|
Definition
| from the CNS to effector cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| connect neurons within specific regions of the CNS |
|
|
Term
| how do neurons transfer their action? |
|
Definition
| releasing neurotransmitters that bind to chemical receptors |
|
|
Term
| T/F receptors can be excitatory or inhibitory or modulatory |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
cholinergic neurons produce what neurotransmitters?
excitatory or inhibitory? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
glutamatergic neurons produce what neurotransmitters?
excitatory or inhibitory? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the neurotransmitter for the neuromuscular junction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
GABAergic neurons produce what neurotransmitter?
excitatory or inhibitory? |
|
Definition
GABA and glycine
inhibitory |
|
|
Term
| what is the primary neuroinhibitor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the primary neurotransmitter for the CNS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| dopaminergic neurons do what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| dopmine is the neurotransmitter for what? |
|
Definition
mood and behavior
in the pathway of voluntary movement |
|
|
Term
| what is Parkinson's Disease? |
|
Definition
| cannot produce enough dopamine |
|
|
Term
serotonergic neurons produce what neurotransmitter?
excitatory or inhibitory? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of receptors are the post-synaptice membrane receptors? |
|
Definition
| ligand-gates ion channels |
|
|
Term
| explain how a G-protein coupled receptor works |
|
Definition
1-G-protein activated by the binding of a neurotransmitter
2-alpha protein subunit is activated and released by the G-protein
3- alpha subunit binds to the channel protein
4-channel protein opens |
|
|
Term
| T/F the G-protein receptor is a faster process than the ligand gated ion channel. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why is the synapse a chemical event an not electrical? |
|
Definition
| the neurotransmitter is released and diffuses across the synapse to the post-synaptic cell |
|
|
Term
| outline signaling across a chemical synapse. |
|
Definition
1-an AP travels along the pre-synaptic neuron to the terminal branch where vesicles are awaiting an AP
2-the AP causes the voltage-gated Ca++ channels to open and causes an influx of Ca++
3-Ca++ causes the fusion of the vesicle with the plasma membrane and the neurotransmitter is released
4-the neurotransmitters diffuse across the synapse to the post-synaptic cell
5-neurotransmitters bind to ligand-gated receptors on the post-synaptice plasma membrane
6-causing the Na and K channels to open and close and cause the AP to travel down the next axon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| excitatory post-synaptic potentials are weak synapses that do not cause the post-synaptic cell to reach threshold |
|
|
Term
T/F if a cell is repeatedly hit with EPSPs the cell can reach threshold.
if true, what if the process called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is the strength of the synapse determined? |
|
Definition
| the change in transmembrane potential resulting from activation of the post-synaptic neurotransmitter receptors |
|
|
Term
| T/F synaptic strength is only a short term effect. |
|
Definition
false
both short term and long term |
|
|
Term
if the synaptic strength is long term what happens with the neuron?
what is this called? |
|
Definition
a second messenger can initiate protein synthesis in the neuron's nucleus and cause an alteration of the structure of the synapse
long term potentiation |
|
|
Term
| what is the importance of long term potentiation with exercise? |
|
Definition
| when you learn a new skill you can change the pathway to be more efficient to remember the skill |
|
|
