mastaba

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basic burial unit from Ancient Egypt; featured a flat roof, a small chapel, and a burial shaft that dropped down to the sarcophagus

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city of the dead; large cemetery or burial ground featuring structured tombs 

(example: Pyramids at Giza, Theban Necropolis - Valley of the Kings)

hieratic scale

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Palette of Narmer, highlighting hieratic scale

Making the central figure larger than other characters to show importance; relative size of subject shows relative importance 

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Hieratic Scale shown in the Stele of Naram-Sin

votive

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an object created as religious offering

(example: votive figures of Ur - Mesopotamian)

upright stone or wood slab representing important event

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Stele of Hammurabi depicts the passing of the law from the god of justice Shamash to King Hammurabi, which is then written below as Hammurabi's Code

an archlike structure in which the sides are formed by corbelling 

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repoussé

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Funerary Mask [Mask of Agamemnon]

post-and-lintel

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Lion Gate, Mycenae, Greece

 post that goes across the top of two columns to make a doorway

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buon fresco

 painting on wet plaster surface; pigmentation better, drying time shorter

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Bull Leaping, Palace of Knossos, Crete

painting on dry plaster surface; pigmentation flaky, drying time longer

roof which is supported by columns (no walls)

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composite creatures protecting main gate of citadel or palace; composed of a lion's or bull's body, eagle wings, and a human head

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Gate of the Citadel of Sargon II, Iraq, c. 721 - 706 BCE

Corinthian Order

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doric, ionic, and corinthian orders

 latest of the three principal classical orders of ancient Greek and Roman architecture; characterized by slender fluted columns and elaborate capitals decorated with eucalyptus  leaves and scrolls

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Corinthian order seen at the Pantheon in Rome

Doric Order

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Doric, Ionic, & Corinthian Orders 

Earliest of the three classical orders; features fluted columns & pediment

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Doric Order found at the Acropolis in Athens, Greece

Ionic Order

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Doric, Ionic, & Corinthian Orders

Second of the classical orders; features fluted columns and the inclusion of volutes 

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Ionic order featured at the Temple of Athena-Nike, Acropolis, Greece

culpted female figure serving as an architectural support taking the place of a column or a pillar supporting an entablature on her head

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Porch of the Maidens [Erectheion], Acropolis

Settlement, especially a citadel, built upon an area of elevated ground—frequently a hill with precipitous sides, chosen for purposes of defense

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Parthenon at the Acropolis in Athens, Greece

triangular roof structure that sits on top of the entablature

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Depiction of the East Pediment of the Parthenon, Acropolis of Athens, Greece

 just above column, comprised of architrave & frieze (metope & triglyphs)

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the application of a convex curve to a surface for aesthetic purposes; seen done at the Parthenon of Athens

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eye, opening in roof to allow light and rain into structure; seen at the Pantheon of Rome 

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Oculus of the Pantheon of Rome

series of sunken panels with shape of a square; used to lighten the weight of the structure to which they are applied (seen done in the Pantheon of Rome)

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Coffers of the Pantheon of Rome

basilica

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St. Peter's Basilica, Vatican, Rome

concrete

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material made from aggregate, cement, and water; the technology was utilized by the Romans, who created the Pantheon entirely of concrete

pendentives

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any of four triangular sections of vaulting with concave sides, positioned at a corner of a rectangular space to support a circular or polygonal dome

construction filling in the upper angles of a square room so as to form a base to receive an octagonal or spherical dome

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 type of decorative framework consisting of a symmetrical shape which forms the overall outline of four partially overlapping circles of the same diameter; typically found in Gothic stained glass

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Quatrefoil design found in The Good Samaritan Window at Chartres Cathedral

flying buttress

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masonry structure that distribute weight from the nave down to the exterior piers

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Flying Buttresses found at Chartres Cathedral

stained glass (lex luna)

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Notre Dame de la Belle Verriere, Chartres Cathedral

single large round window that is found in the architecture of Gothic cathedrals, often featuring a floral design as the face

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Rose Window, Chartres Cathedral

ogival arches

also known as Gothic rib vaults; pointed arches that helped distribute weight into waist piers & allowed for placement of large pointed windows to bring a sense of height

*used mainly in Gothic Architecture (brought in from Islamic tradition)*

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vault made up of two intersecting barrel vaults (extrusion of single curve, similar to a tunnel)

*seen in classical Roman architecture & during the Romanesque Period*

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semi-circular or triangular decorative wall surface over an entrance, bounded by a lintel and arch

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Last Judgment Tympanum, Church of St. Lazare, Autun, France

mandorla

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vesica piscis (almond-) shaped aureola which surrounds the figures of Christ and the Virgin Mary in traditional Christian art

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Christ depicted in the central mandorla on the central Royal Portal (west façade) at Chartres Cathedral

contrapposto

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Classical Greek example of contrapposto - Spear Bearer, Polyclitus

counterpose; when form shows a shift in weight (shoulders & hips off axes from each other by shifting weight to one foot) 

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Renaissance example of contrapposto - David, Michelangelo

foreshortening

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Possible example - Stele of Hammurabi

to reduce or distort in order to convey 3d space as perceived by human eye

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Pre-Renaissance example of foreshortening - Madonna Enthroned, Giotto di Bondone