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| Articles of Confederation |
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| first form of government for the thirteen colonies. National government was very weak and could not raise taxes or get anything passed because all laws need 13/13 states to approve them. |
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| Northwest Ordinance of 1787 |
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| created the Northwest Territory, the first organized territory of the United States. Set the rules for westward expansion. |
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| finally let the states understand that the Articles of Confederation were useless and that they needed a new type of government. |
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| Constitutional Convention |
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| was originally intended to be a conference for the 13 states to fix the articles of confederation. Instead the constitution was proposed in secret during this time. |
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| responsible for The Great Compromise which combined both the Virginia and Connecticut plans for congress. House of Representatives would be based on population while in the Senate, each state would get the same number of votes. |
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| Senator from New Jersey who worked on the Judiciary Act in 1791 |
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| introduced the Virginia Plan during the first Constitutional Convention. |
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| Proposed a bicameral legislature with both houses based on population. Big states loved this plan while little states hated this plan. |
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| proposed a unicameral legislature with each state having one vote. Small states loved it, big states hated it. |
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| Also called the “Great Compromise.” Combined both the Virginia and the New Jersey plan. Congress would be bicameral with the House of Representatives state representation based on population and Senate representation being equal with each state receiving two votes. |
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| how the states agreed slaves would be counted. Constitution does not actually use the word “slave” |
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| the governing document of the United States. Drafting during the Constitutional Convention. |
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| the system of how each branch of government can limit and check the power that the other has. |
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| branch of government that is tasked with enforcing the laws. |
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| branch of government that makes the laws |
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| branch of government that interprets the laws. |
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| the first ten amendments to the constitution. Guaranteed rights of people and the states. |
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| first president of the United States. Headed the Constitutional Convention. Commander of the continental army. |
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| Congress set up the multiple levels of courts below the Supreme Court. |
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| Third president of the United States. Author of the Declaration of Independence. |
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| first Secretary of the Treasury. Creator of the National Bank of the United States. |
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| fourth president of the United States. Most important author of the Constitution. |
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| Report on the Public Credit |
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| one of three major reports submitted to congress by Alexander Hamilton. It analyzed the financial standing of the United States and made recommendations to reorganize the national debt and to establish the public credit. |
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| Bank of the United States |
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| chartered by congress and proposed by Alexander hamilton. He wanted to establish a bank to establish America’s financial order, establish credit, and to issue a flat common currency to be used throughout the country. |
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| third report by Alexander Hamilton to Congress. It detailed his economic plan for an economy he believed should be based on manufacturing. It established a protective tariff on imports and subsidies for industry. |
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| method of judicial interpretation that said that the government can ONLY do what is said exactly in the constitution. |
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| method of judicial interpretation that said that the government can do what is IMPLIED by the constitution. This was how Hamilton justified his national bank. |
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| the protest that claimed that Washington’s neutrality when the French and the British were at war was against the will of the people of the United States. |
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| violent protest by framers in Pennsylvania who believed that the tax on whiskey was too high. It was quickly put down by President Washington. This showed the rest of the nation that they could not question the authority of the Federal government. |
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| treaty between the United States and Britain after the Revolutionary War. Allowed for increased trade with Britain if they removed their forts on The Great Lakes. Most people that this treaty did more good for Britain than it did for Americans. |
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| Washington’s Farewell Address |
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| address given by George Washington after the end of his second terms. He warned against political parties and urged congress to not get involved with foreign affairs. |
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| second president of the United States. resolved a conflict with France peacefully. Passed the Alien and Sedition acts which were later rescinded. Did not win re-election because of the act.. |
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| passed by John Adams and then repealed. Allowed the president to send back immigrants to their home country if their home country was at war with the United States. Also made it illegal to speak bad about the government. Very unpopular with the general public. |
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| diplomatic event between the U.S. and France. France was taking American ships so John Adams sends diplomats to talk to them. French refuse to talk and instead want a loan (bribe) from the United States. John adams refuses and urges congress to prepare for war. Adams called the three French people X, Y, and Z. |
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| undeclared naval war fought between the United States and the French between 1798 and 1801. |
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| also known as the Presidential Election of 1800. Thomas Jefferson defeats John Adams which signals the death of the Federalist Party and the end of America’s First Party System. |
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| a country that is both a democracy and a republic. Representatives are elected to voice the concerns of their constituents. |
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| Killed Alexander Hamilton in a duel. Fled to Mexico. Came back. Was found innocent of charges. |
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| pirates who operated in the North African region and constantly attacked Amrican ships during the revolution. |
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| longest working chief of justice in Supreme court history. Defined the power of Judicial review. Strengthened contracts. Made sure that Federal laws were superior to state laws. |
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| Supreme court case that established the concept of Judicial Review. |
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| Land purchase made by the United States from france in 1803 for $15 million. It practically doubled the size of the United States. Napolean sold the land in order to finance the wars he was fighting in Europe. |
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| the act of forcing men to join the navy. British did this a lot to the United States. |
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| tactic by Jefferson to try and put pressure on the British to get them to stop impressing men off of ships. Heavily limited trade with Britain in the hopes that they may influene a change in policy. |
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| victory for the French. Demonstrated dominance of the French on land |
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| victory for the British. Demonstrated dominance at sea for the British. |
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| British law that said that all neutral ships must stop at British ports first. |
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| Chesapeake/Leopard Affair |
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| Chesapeake was a US naval ship. Leopard was a British naval ship. They meet and the British board the Chesapeake and impress 4 men. This brings about the Embargo Act of 1807. |
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| actions that may seem only economic, but are actually acts of aggression. |
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| an official ban on trade or other commercial activity with a particular country. |
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| political party in the united states around 1830. Had two presidential candidates that both lost. John Quincy Adams in 1828 and Henry Clay in 1832. |
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| war between the British Empire and the United States from 1812 to 1814. Americans declared war on the British after the British would not stop seizing ships by force. White house destroyed by the British. |
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| final battle of the War of 1812. |
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| officially ended the War of 1812. |
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| powerful group of Federalists who believed that were greatly opposed to the constitution and wanted New England to secede from the Union. |
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| first tariff passed bey Congress with an explicit function protecting U.S. manufactured items from foreign competition. |
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| first major improved highway in the United States to be built by the federal government. States and the federal government over who should pay for it. |
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| fifth president of the United States. Negotiated the Lousianna Purchase. Was Madison’s Secretary of State and Secretary of War. |
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| followed the Napoleonic Wars. Marks a transition in American politics with the end of the Federalist Party as America began to develop after the War of 1812. |
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| Andrew Jackson/Seminoles/FL |
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| Andrew Jackson was indirectly given orders to seize Florida from its weak Spanish rulers in “self-defense” against the Seminoles who attacked southern Georgia and then fled to Florida. Spanish promised to help, but did nothing so America took matters in their hands. |
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| first major peacetime financial crisis in the United States followed by a general collapse of the American economy. Fueled by global market adjustments int eh aftermath of the Napoleonic wars. |
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| plan proposed by Henry clay to solve the argument between pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in Congress. Made Missouri a slave state and Maine a free state. All new territories introduced above the Missouri Compromise line were free state, anything below it became a slave state. |
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| Dartmouth College v. Woodward |
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| ruling by chief justice John Marshall that strengthenedd contracts. One side cannot change the terms without first agreeing with the other side. |
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| ruling by chief justic John Marshall that made it clear that federal laws are greater than state laws and that a state cannot tax a federal institution. |
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| most important document concerning Americas relationship with Latin America. Banned European influences from colonizing any part of South America. |
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| Election of 1824/Corrupt Bargain |
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| it is believed that William H. Crawford promised John Quincy Adams the majority of the electoral college votes if in turn John Quincy Adams made Crawford his secretary of state |
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| Henry Clay/American System |
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| economic plan proposed by Henry Clay that consisted of a tariff to protect and promote American industry; a national bank to foster commer; and federal subsidies for roads, canals, and other ‘internal improvement’ to develop profitable markets for agriculture. |
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| drastic change in the manual labor system due to improvements in industry, transportation, and communication. |
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