Multicellular animals

exhibit greater structural complexity

cellular differentiation

a. sheet of cells (covers an internal or external surface)

b. basal surfaces rest on a basal laminia (protein fibers)

c. joined by intercellular junctions

a. composition

1. few scattered cells (some secete protiens)

2. extracellular matrix

b. function

1. support and binding (skeleton in some animals), storage and transport

support, protection, muscle attachment

positons:

endoskeleton- inside

exoskeleton- outside (external covering)

fundamental process of substance transport in biological systems. moves gases wastes, nutrients, etc into out of between and within cells.

SLOW PROCESS!

1) Obtain food

2) exchange gases (obtain oxygen and eliminate co2)

3) Maintain proper water and salt balance

4) rmove waste

5) reproduce

1. sperm contacts egg
2. penetrates outer coat
3. plasma membrane fuses
4. spem nucleus enters egg cytopasm and migrates  to egg nucleus
5. sperm and egg nuclei fuse (syngamy) forming zygote

Cell cleavage:

cleavage-repeated divisions of zygote to form multicellular embryo.

sponges

marine and fw

sessile

filter feeders

posses tissues

no nerves or mucles

intracellular digestion

no digestive tract

fw sponges are hyperosmotic and posses contractile vacuoles

marine sponges are isoosmotic to seawater

1. more highly integrated than sponges
2. true epithelia
3. muscle cells
4. nerve cells
5. digestive tract

neuron

[ ] higher out   [ ] higher in

neuron

negatively charged molecules inside of the cell

protiens, amino acids, sulfate, phosphate

A- = anions

1. AP causes Ca+2 influx-> synaptic vesicles fuse with presynaptic membrane, release neurotransmitters into synaptic cleft
2. neurotransmitters bind to specific recepters causing ion channels to open
3. ions (Na+) move in changing membrane potential of postsynaptic cell.

• Muscle cells are composed of contractile cells responsible for movment in most animals
• principle effectors of nerve impulses
• cells contain myofilaments and interaction of filaments causes contraction

1. nerve impulse arrives at nerve-muscle synapse
2. depolarization travels to sarcoplasmic reticulam
3. Ca+2 is released from Sarcoplasmic reticulam
4. Ca+2 binds to troponin, myosin binding site exposed
5. Myosin head hydrolyses ATP

• position of head changes(stores energy)
• binds to actin(cross bridge formation)

6. myosin head swings twd sacromere center, sliding actin filaments twd each other as ADP and Pi released

7. Myosin head binds ATP

• head dissasociates from actin

8. ATP split and process is repeated

cleavage->Blastula->Gastrula

formation of a multilayered embryo from blastula

one method=invagination

- results in 2 or 3 embryonic cell layers; differentiate into specific tissues and organs

germ layers

1. ectoderm

germ layers

endoderm

inner germ layer

intestinal epithelium associated glands

germ layers

mesoderm

hydras, jellyfish, sea anemones,

marine and fw

diploblasic

epidermis= an epithelium

gastrodermis= an epithelium

mesoglea= middle layer- connective tissue

gastrovascular cavity= functions is gas exchange and digestion

phylum cnideria

cnydocytes

phylum cnideria

nematocytes

what triggers them?

stinging onganelles

• chemicals
• toxins
• mechanical

phylum cnideria

nervous system

phylum cnideria

feeding and digestion

primarily carnivorous

extracellular digestion in gastrovascular cavity

intracellular digestion in gastrovascular cavity

phylum cnideria

reproduction

asexual

- hydra reproduce asexually

- medusa buds off a reproduction polyp

sexual

- medusa ->meiosis

class hydroza

marine, Fw

colonial

solitary

class scyphozoa

marine

jellyfish

medusa conspicuous

stinging nettles and sea wasps are very toxic

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Class Anthozoa

marine

anemones and true corals

solitary and colonial

no medusa -> true polyp

reef forming coral + Zooxanthellae

benifits

coral                                         Zooxanthellae   

food                                           safe haven

enhanced skelatal                         nutrients

formation                                   (N, P, fertilizer) 

1. coevolution
2. Symbiosis: intimate physical relationship between two species in which at least one of the two species is dependent on the other
   • Commonsalism: nothing happens
   • Parasitism: one benifits and one is harmed
   • Mutualism: both benifit

a.       Reefs most productive communitie

•   Where does it come from?

-- gastrodermal tissue in the coral contain single celled organisms that are capable of photosynthesis  -> protazoans

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• high levels of productivity
• diversity
• ex. food coral web

class ctenophora

eumetazoa

sea walnuts, comb jellies

marine

*radial

rows of cilia

Triploblastic (has mesoderm)

carnivirous

Phylum Bilateria

• animals with bilateral symmetry (mirrored)
• cephalization - anterior concentration of nerves and receptors
• triploblastic - mesoderm-> muscle gonads, coelom lining
• nephridia: kidneys- involved in osmoregulation - salt and water balance

osmoregulation

water and salt balance

• acoelommate - the space btwn the epidermis and intestines is solid(filling primarily mesodermal derivatives) -> no coelomate ex. flatworm
• pseudocoelomate - space btwn body wall and gut occupied by fluid filled cavity lined by estracellular matrix -> conective tissue. ex. nematodes and roundworms. functions: hydrostatic skeleton and a circulatory system
• coelomate - space btw body wall and gut occupied by a fluid filled cavity lined by an epithilium derived from mesoderm -> peritoneum ex. earthworm functions hydrostatic skelaton and circulatory system

Cleavage patterns

spriral

• eight cell stage

• blastomeres take a spiral form while moving along the animal pole to the vegetal pole
• fate of blastomere is determined in the early stages of embyonic development
• if one of the 8 cells is missing than the embryo will be abnormal

Cleavage patterns

radial cleavage

• blastomeres are radially arranged
• intermidiate cleavage; blastomeres fates are not determined in early development
• seperate among 8 cells can still lead normal embry development

particular cell called mesodermalband split or explode and form a mesoderm

schizocoely=  formed by splitting

mouths form around the site of the blastopore

protostomia -> first mouth

• 2 pockets form resulting in cavities lined by mesoderm
• enderocoely: out-pocketing band pinching off the wall to form coelom and mesoderm
• anus forms at or near site of blastopore
• deuterostomia-> second mouth

protostomia lophotochozoa

phylum platyhelminthes

• marine, fw, terrestrial
• acoelomate
• some can be parasitic
• incomplete digestive
• primarily hermaphroditic
• sexual and clonal reproduction
• spiralian embryology
• carnivores and parasites
• lack anus
• cns
  • eyspots connectged to ganglia (brain)
  • leads to longetudinal nerve cords
• gas exchange: diffusion
• osmoregulation/excretion
  • protonephridia- excretory organ

class turbellaria

• adults of most species endoparsites of vertebrates
  • ex Schistosoma -> blood flukes
  • not hermaphroditic
  • intermidiate host
• adults develop in view of intesines and urinary bladder

class cestoda

• adults: parasites of vertabrates
  • tapeworms
• intermediate host: pigs, cows, fish
• aduts in small intestines of final host (definitive)
• no gut
• definative host: humans can get infected from undercooked meat -> beef

marine, FW, terrestial

coelomate

mosthave shell

mantle:dorsal body

ventral foot: for movement and other purposes

radula: surrounds moth

gas exchange: some have gills

complete digestive system

BVS: heart, vessels, hemocoel  fucnction: transportss gases, nutriens and wastes

phylum musculla

class gastropoda

slugs, snails

marine, FW, terrestrial

single shell, absent sometimes

coiled visceral in shell

herb, carn, filter feeders

phylum musculla

class cephalopoda

octopus and squids

carniv

marine

shell or no shell

move by jet propelsion

cns:complex brain

image forming eyes

phylum musculla

class bivalvia

clams, oyesters, mussels

marine and fw

shell with 2 valves

filter feeders

hinged ligaments

incurrent and excurrent siphons are merged together and used for feeding and gs exchange

segmented worms

colomate

BVS:metanphridal   no heart  blood pumps with muscle contraction

CNS: brain with ventral nerve cord

complete gut

carn, herm, filter

Phylum Annelida

class polychaeta

many bristles made out of polysachraide acalled chittin

marine

filter feeding

Phylum Annelida

class oligochaeta

tere or fw

clitellum

few setae

hermaphroditic

mucus to hold worms together

cacoon

Phylum Annelida

class hirudinea

leeches

clitellum

hermaphroditic

no setae

FW

marine

blood suckers->not all though

only a few suck human blood

secrete an anesthetic so you dont feel it and an anti coagulent so your blood does not clot

lophophore

phylum brachiopoda

lophopohore-> for feeding and gas exchange

crown ciliated  tenticles

marine

mouth at blastipore like protostomia