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| one of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome. |
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| a mammalian blastula in which some differentiation of cells has occurred. |
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| a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes. |
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| means that neither allele can mask the expression of the other allele. An example in humans would be the ABO blood group, where alleles A and alleles B are both expressed. So if an individual inherits allele A from their mother and allele B from their father, they have blood type AB. |
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| the action or process of differentiating. |
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| deoxyribonucleic acid, a self-replicating material which is present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes. It is the carrier of genetic information. |
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| A dominant allele is a variation of a gene that will produce a certain phenotype, even in the presence of other alleles. A dominant allele typically encodes for a functioning protein. |
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| an unborn or unhatched offspring in the process of development, in particular a human offspring during the period from approximately the second to the eighth week after fertilization (after which it is usually termed a fetus). |
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| Embryonic stem cell (ECS) |
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| Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent stem cells derived from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst, an early-stage pre-implantation embryo. Human embryos reach the blastocyst stage 4–5 days post fertilization, at which time they consist of 50–150 cells |
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| the study of changes in organisms caused by modification of gene expression rather than alteration of the genetic code itself. |
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| the study of how to arrange reproduction within a human population to increase the occurrence of heritable characteristics regarded as desirable. Developed largely by Francis Galton as a method of improving the human race, it fell into disfavor only after the perversion of its doctrines by the Nazis. |
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| a unit of heredity which is transferred from a parent to offspring and is held to determine some characteristic of the offspring. |
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| is a science who studies genes, including how they are inherited, mutated, activated, or inactivated. They often study the role that genes play in disease and health. |
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| the genetic constitution of an individual organism. |
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| A genetically modified organism is any organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. |
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| a physician or surgeon qualified to practice in gynecology. |
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| are the stem cells that give rise to other blood cells. This process is called haematopoiesis. This process occurs in the red bone marrow, in the core of most bones. |
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| having two different alleles of a particular gene or genes. |
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| is a word that refers to a particular gene that has identical alleles on both homologous chromosomes. It is referred to by two capital letters (XX) for a dominant trait, and two lowercase letters (xx) for a recessive trait. |
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| is a form of intermediate inheritance in which one allele for a specific trait is not completely expressed over its paired allele. This results in a third phenotype in which the expressed physical trait is a combination of the phenotypes of both alleles |
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| Gregor Johann Mendel was a scientist, Augustinian friar and abbot of St. Thomas' Abbey in Brno, Margraviate of Moravia. Mendel was born in a German-speaking family in the Silesian part of the Austrian Empire and gained posthumous recognition as the founder of the modern science of genetics. |
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| Barbara McClintock was an American scientist and cytogeneticist who was awarded the 1983 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. McClintock received her Ph.D. in botany from Cornell University in 1927. |
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| In biology, a mutation is the alteration of the nucleotide sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, or extrachromosomal DNA. |
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| a cell in an ovary which may undergo meiotic division to form an ovum. |
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| In genetics, the phenotype of an organism is the composite of the organism's observable characteristics or traits. The term covers the organism's morphology or physical form and structure, its developmental processes, its biochemical and physiological properties, its behavior, and the products of behavior. |
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| The pluripotency of biological compounds describes the ability of certain substances to produce several distinct biological responses. Pluripotent is also described as something that has no fixed developmental potential, as in being able to differentiate into different cell types in the case of pluripotent stem cells. |
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| A recessive allele is a version of a gene which must be homozygous when inherited in order to be expressed in the phenotype. If it is inherited alongside a dominant allele, the offspring will not express the recessive allele phenotype, just the dominant allele. |
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| relating to or denoting an organism, cell, or genetic material formed by recombination. |
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| In genetics and developmental biology, somatic cell nuclear transfer is a laboratory strategy for creating a viable embryo from a body cell and an egg cell. The technique consists of taking an enucleated oocyte and implanting a donor nucleus from a somatic cell. It is used in both therapeutic and reproductive cloning |
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| Adult stem cells are undifferentiated cells, found throughout the body after development, that multiply by cell division to replenish dying cells and regenerate damaged tissues. Also known as somatic stem cells, they can be found in juvenile as well as adult animals and humans, unlike embryonic stem cells |
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| Stem cells are special human cells that have the ability to develop into many different cell types, from muscle cells to brain cells. In some cases, they also have the ability to repair damaged tissues. |
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| a distinguishing quality or characteristic, typically one belonging to a person. |
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| relating to or denoting an organism that contains genetic material into which DNA from an unrelated organism has been artificially introduced. |
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| A true breeding is a kind of breeding wherein the parents would produce offspring that would carry the same phenotype. This means that the parents are homozygous for every trait. |
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| Traditionally in medicine, a vector is an organism that does not cause disease itself but which spreads infection by conveying pathogens from one host to another. Species of mosquito, for example, serve as vectors for the deadly disease Malaria. |
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