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the combination of more than one genes to get a specific trait
EX: human stature |
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| Apparent Blending-incomplete dominance in an intermediate expression of a trait in heterozygous individuals |
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when two alleles are both dominant
EX: AB |
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traits are controlled by more than one set of alleles
EX: A, B, O (blood) |
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alter how genes are expressed in phenotype
EX:cataracts |
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| can initiate or block the expression of other genes, controls the production of many chemicals and is responsible for the body changes as we age |
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| the effect of these genes is not seen without certain environmental factors presence |
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| inherited y both men and women but only expressed in one gender |
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| expressed in both genes but expressed differently |
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| depends on the gender of the PARENT that the gene is inherited from |
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| a single gene if responsible for a variety of traits |
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| when portions of defective genes are doubled when passed to offspring |
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| The environmental factors greatly play into how the genes are expressed |
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Which of the following is true regarding the differences between the production of a human male gamete and a female gamete?
a)male meiosis will result in four functional sperm cells
b)upon ovulation, the female meiosis will be arrested at Metaphase II until fertilization activates the Anaphase Promoting Factor
c)The female meiosis has the metaphase plate off-center to result in unequal cell division
d)All of the above
e)only a and b are true |
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The cytoskeletal proteins that are involved in aligning the chromosomes on the metaphase plate are..
a)microfilaments
b)microtubules
c)intermediate filaments
d)actin filaments
e) both a and d |
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Which of the following is NOT a part of Gregor Mendel's theory of inheritance as applied to humans?
a)parents transmit discrete genes to their offspring
b)each parent of a diploid organism has two copies of each gene (except sexual chromosomes in males)
c) the gene alleles can occur in different forms
d) the change of relative frequency of gene alleles from one generation to the next leads to evolution
e)not all alleles present are exposed in all individuals |
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| D)the change of relative frequency of gene alleles from one generation to the next leads to evolution |
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The cleavage furrow in animal cells is developed due to the activity of
a)RNA
b)Golgi apparatus
c)actin filaments
d)intermediate fillaments
e)microtubules |
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intermediate dominance can result in severl different kinds of expression. When the expression results in some cels expressing one allele and other cells expressing another, we call that mosaic expression. In animal females, the second X chromosome is randomly deactivated through condensing, resulting in a
a)nucleolous
b)Barr body
c)incomplete dominance
d)recessive dominance
e)none of the above |
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Which of the following is not correct when talking about cell signaling?
a)signal is chemical
b)signal can be sent over short range and long range
c)cells respond to specific signals due to the presence of a specific receptor proteins
d)the enzyme activity on the cytoplasmic side of a signaling protein binds to a ligand
e)cell response can be fast or slow |
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| b)signal can be sent over short range or long range |
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survival factors are _______
a)anti-apoptosis factors
b)autocrine in signaling
c)essential for normal cell function
d)all of the above are rue
e)both a and c are true |
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Which of the following cell signaling chemicals does not require a membrane receptor?
a)NO
b)testosterone
c)progesterone
d)CO
e)none of the above would require a membrane receptor |
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| e)none of the above would require a membrane receptor |
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What type of interactions would you expect to see between ligands and their receptors?
a) only van der Waals (London dispersion) forces
b)van der Waal and hydrostatic forces
c)van der Waal, hydrostatic and covalent bonds
d) van der Waal, hydrostatic, peptide bonds
e)van der Waal, hydrostatic, hydrogen bonds, and covalent bonds |
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| b) van der Waal and hydrostatic forces |
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Fast response signaling molecules ________
a)include nitric oxide (NO)
b) activate a series of enzymes that are already present in the inactive form
c)are involved in regulating genetic expression
d)all of the above are true
e) only a and b are true |
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Which of the following is NOT a typical response from a hormone?
a)alter plasma membrane permeability
b)stimulate synthesis of proteins
c)induce secretory activities
d)activate or deactivate enzymes
e)reduce mitosis |
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the two most important environmental factors that, f removed, would most significantly reduce the occurrences of cancer are ____
a)tobacco smoking and alcohol drinking
b)alcohol drinking and a diet low in fruits and veggies
c)a diet low in fruits and veggies and tobacco smoking
d) tobacco smoking and lack of sleep
e)alcohol drinking and lack of sleep |
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| c) a diet low in fruits and veggies and tobacco smoking |
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Recombination occurs during
a)prophase I
b)metaphase I
c)prophase II
d)metaphase II
e)interphase |
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The extracellular matrix of animals includes all of the following EXCEPT ______
a) Collagen
b)Elastin
c)fibronectin
d)Hyaluronic acid
e)lipids |
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Which of the following is not a polymer, composed of monomer units?
a)collagen
b)laminin
c)cellulose
d)microtubules
e)all of these are polymers |
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| e) all of these are polymers |
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The main tissue types in plants includes all of the following EXCEPT _____ tissue:
a)ground
b)dermal
c)vascular
d)connective
e)all of these are found in plants |
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________ lay right under the cell membrane, controlling the movement of the Cellulose Synthase and thus the orientation of the cellulose fibrils in the cell wall
a)endoplasmic reticulum
b)intermediate filaments
c)microfilaments
d)microtubules
e)nuclear lamins |
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The reason that cells do not respond to every signal that floods their plasma membrane is
a)that cells have only specific protein receptors, and the other signals are unrecognized
b)that cells can recognize all signals, but they shut down the protein receptors that are not needed at that particular time
c)that cells can recognize only those signals that diffuse through the membrane
d)that cells do not have the full complement of DNA and thus even though they receive the signal, they do not have the genetic ability to produce a response
e) all of these are true statements |
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| a)that cells have only specific protein receptors, and the other signals are unrecognized |
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Direct transport of signal from one cell's cytoplasm to another cell's cytoplasm can occur through
a)endocrine signaling
b)gap junctions
c)plasmodesmata
d)all of the above
e)only b and c are true |
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A ligand is ______
a)a small hydrophobic that passes through the plasma membrane and causes a reaction within the cell
b)A small hydrophilic molecule that is transported into the cell and causes a reaction within the cell
c)an ion that fits on an enzyme which causes that enzyme to break down
d) a chemical that binds to a specific receptor, effecting a specific reaction
e)a type of cellular structural protein that cases vesicle movement |
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| d) a chemical that binds to a specific receptor, effecting a specific responce |
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steroid hormones differ from peptide hormones in that steroid hormones
a) cannot cross the plasma membrane
b)are nuclear signals, causing changes in DNA expression
c)are transported by protein channels
d)include insulin and glucagon as examples
e)are hydrophilic |
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| B)are nuclear signals, causing changes in DNA expression |
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Which of the following is NOT a secondary messenger in cells?
a)IP3
b)DAG
c)cAMP
d)tyrosine kinase
e)all of the above are secondary messengers |
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A region of DNA that controls the discrete heredity characteristic of an organism is
a) an allele
b) a gene
c)a phenotype
d)meiosis
e)all of the above |
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Which f the following is part of the symplast of a cell?
a)cellulose
b)glycocalyx
c)collagen
d)basal lamina
e)cytoskeleton |
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What technique has been employed to visualize the cell shown at the right?
a)phase contrast microscopy
b)transmission electron microscopy
c)immunofluorescence microscopy
d) scanning electron microscopy
e)none of the above |
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| c)immunofluorescence microscopy |
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Lack of desmosomes would cause skin cells to _____
a)lose their nuclear integrity
b)have disorganized lamins
c)lose cell-extracellular membrane contact
d)be susceptible to abrasion and mechanical stress
e)all of the above |
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| d)be susceptible to abrasion and mechanical stress |
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Which of the following would exhibit the MOST emergent properties, due to structural organization and resulting collaboration?
a)tissues
b)organelles
c)cells
d)organs
e)molecules |
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Which of the following does not describe p53?
a)checks for damaged DNA
b)increasing p53 concentrations cause more p21 to be produced
c)a cyclin-dependent kinase
d) causes a cascade sequence that shuts down the cell cycle temporarily
often is nonfunctional in cancer cells |
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| c) a cyclin-dependent kinase |
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What is (are) the difference between Mitosis and Meiosis?
a)mitosis daughter cells are exact duplicates of parent
b)homologous chromosomes pair up during Prophase I and Metaphase I
c)Meiosis creates haploid daughter cells
d)all of the above
e)only a and b |
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Which of the following does not characterizes a G-protein linked receptor?
a)has 7 helical spans across the membrane
b)exhibits a quaternary structure
c)utilizes a mobile protein on the cytoplasmic membrane surface to carry the signal to another membrane
d)involves energy in the form of GTP
e)most often produces either cAMP or IP3 as secondary mesengers |
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| c)utilizes a mobile protein on the cytoplasmic membrane surface to carry the signal to another membrane |
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Signal transductions through cascade mechanisms _________
a)transfer the signal from outside of a membrane to inside of a membrane
b)changes the signal from one chemical messenger to another
c)amplifies the signal. resulting in more than a 1ligan:1 response
d)can be modulated at many points
e)all of these are characteristics of signal transduction cascades |
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| e)all of these are characteristics of signal transduction cascades |
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Which of the following describes the chemical to the right?
a)has ribose sugar component
b)contains a purine component
c)in adenosine monophosphate
d)is not very stable, structurally
e)all of these are characteristic of this molecule |
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| e) all of these are characteristic of this molecule |
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Which of the following tumor classifications and discriptions is NOT correct?
a) benign tumors are encapsulated and resemble the tissue of orgin, histologically
b)in situ tumors are not completely encapsulated and although they resemble the tissue of origin, histological cell shape
c)malignant tumors are not encapsulated, do not retain the histology of their originating cells, and exhibit change in cell shape
d) all of these are correct
e)none of the above are correct |
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| d) all of these are correct |
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Cancer has been found in all of the following EXCEPT:
a)fungi
b)multicellular algae
c)dinosaurs
d)plants
e)diatoms |
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