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Unit Two: Pt. 1
Stress, Cumulative Advantage
57
Sociology
Undergraduate 1
02/24/2014

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Term
What is stress?
Definition
Stress occurs when individuals are faced with a situation for which their usual behaviors are inadequate and the consequences of not adapting to the situation are perceived as threatening or serious. The GAP is what's important, and the reaction is emotional and physiological
Term
what is homeostasis?
Definition
the ideal physical and psychological state is equilibrium (allostasis)
Term
how is homeostasis disrupted?
Definition
a stressor disrupts the system and the animal expends energy (the stress response) to restore equilibrium
Term
what happens if the animal does not have enough energy to exert a stress response?
Definition
if a stress response cannot be produced, the problem remains unsolved and survival is compromised
Term
benefits of stress response:
Definition
energy is created for fight or flight, functions not necessary for these functions are put on hold, enhancement of attention, motivation
Term
why can excessive stress cause pathological effects?
Definition
the body is not designed to constantly deal with the effects of stress hormones and their actions
Term
General adaptation syndrome
Definition
(GAS) occurs when you're exposed to stress,the graduate adaptation to stress:
1. alarm reaction = detection of the stressor
2. resistance= the coping phase during which the stress response is initiated
3. exhaustion= continuation of stress response leads to stress pathology
Term
the stress model
Definition
stress is an emotional-psycho-physiological state of an organism that occurs in situational context. prolonged stress may cause health problems- particularly immune system and cardiovascular system
Term
types of stressors
Definition
1. stressful life events- discrete events
2. chronic strains-on-going life strains
3. lifetime trauma- major events over the life course
4. daily hassles- annoying events in everyday life
Term
allostatic load
Definition
the cumulative biological burden exacted on the body through attempts to adapt to life's demands. the "wear and tear" that comes when systems are forced to chronically operate outside their normal range, such as chronic stress-induced overuse.
the cumulative biological burden due to stress
Term
cumulative disadvantage
Definition
cumulative burden over the life course. early stress exposure/high allostatic load can have scarring effects that affect health in adulthood.
Term
how is the level of a stress reaction determined?
Definition
1. exposure (such as SES)
2. vulnerability (education, resources to react)
Term
what occurs during the stress appraisal process?
Definition
1. primary appraisal: initial evaluation of threat, harm or challenge
2. secondary: appraising the options to deal with the stressor (leads to coping efforts)
Term
what is the relationship between adult stress and BMI?
Definition
In women, especially african americans, higher proportions of respondents experienced high stress levels as well has higher BMIs
Term
what were the findings of the study on stress and BMI in african american respondents?
Definition
1. stress, time constraint = weight gain
2. stress, distress, using food as coping mechanism = weight gain
3. distress = weight loss
Term
women's childhood and adult ______ are associated with _______ through adulthood.
Definition
women's childhood and adult stress patterns are associated with body mass trajectories through adulthood.
Term
african american women are especially susceptible to weight change after ______.
Definition
african american women are especially susceptible to weight change after change in adult stress.
Term
_______ may explain which direction weight trajectories unfold.
Definition
psychological distress may explain in which direction weight trajectories unfold.
Term
cumulative disadvantage process _____ across social groups.
Definition
cumulative disadvantage process varies across social groups.
Term
What does the 'long arm of childhood' claim?
Definition
childhood conditions are associated with both physical functioning and mortality risk of older adults
Term
active life expectancy
Definition
period of life without significant health problems
Term
how does childhood 'jointly influence' physical functionality and mortality?
Definition
childhood jointly influences both mortality and functionality by affecting your active life expectancy.
Term
what were the two components of the study regarding childhood influence on ALE?
Definition
1. childhood development (nutrition, genes, parenting, education)
2. aging (homeostatic resiliency) (occupancy, marriage, disease)
Term
what is the master variable in childhood --> ALE?
Definition
educational attainment is a key indicator of overall lifetime environment
Term
how does educational attainment affect your ALE?
Definition
informs about and in support of healthy lifestyles, provides access to good jobs, provides awards from our information based society, provides access to valuable networks/relationships, fosters sophisticated cognitive skills, greater sense of human agency and control.
Term
adults who experienced adverse childhood conditions were much more likely to make ________.
Definition
adults who experienced adverse childhood conditions were much more likely to make unfavorable transitions.
Term
childhood _____ & ______ independently predicted transitions.
Definition
childhood SES and health independently predicted transitions.
Term
education _______ the effects of childhood SES.
Definition
education only partly mediated the effects of childhood SES
Term
education _______ the effect of childhood health.
Definition
education did not mediate any of the effect of childhood health
Term
childhood SES, health, and education combined in an _____ way to influence ALE
Definition
childhood health, SES, and education combined in an additive cumulative way to influence ALE
Term
health
Definition
a dynamic multidemensional state or condition of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. results from one's interactions and adaptations to their environment.
Term
what is health promotion
Definition
health promotion is the educational process and ecological supports aimed at improving personal health behaviors
Term
social ecological model
Definition
multiple levels of influence on health and behavior:
1. intrapersonal
2. interpersonal
3. organizational
4. community
5. society
Term
intrapersonal influences
Definition
changing individuals is the target. especially attitudes or beliefs within the individual
Term
interpersonal influences
Definition
changing individuals through social influences. one on one social exchanges
Term
organizational influences
Definition
supports long term behavioral changes among individuals through changing rules, regulations, infrastructures.
Term
community influences
Definition
create change in the community, networks of infrastructures and people, by changing the relationships between organizations or power structure.
Term
society influences
Definition
create change through societal-level policy, social norms, strengthening/weakening in structure to influence policy
Term
determinants
Definition
increase or decrease the likely hood you'll engage in a behavior
Term
reciprocal determinism
Definition
a core assumption of healthcare promotion- states that people and environment transactions are characterized by cycles of mutual influence.
Term
what is a key to the effectiveness of SEM?
Definition
the social ecological model's effectiveness is largely related to the coordination of individuals at different levels as well as the use of multiple fields.
Term
prevention
Definition
the main focus of public health, comes in three forms:
1. primary
2. secondary
3. tertiary
Term
primary prevention
Definition
primary prevention is the prevention of disease before it occurs
Term
secondary prevention
Definition
secondary prevention is the early detection and treatment of disease to limit disability and prevent more serious development
Term
tertiary prevention
Definition
tertiary prevention is the slow or block progression of disability
Term
health belief model
Definition
1950's, experts tried to explain why people wouldn't come take free TB tests. Decided that there. decided that individuals acted on their health after considering the their susceptibility, severity, and the benefits and barriers.
Term
susceptibility
Definition
subjective perception of risk of contracting a health condition
Term
severity
Definition
subjective perception concerning the seriousness of illness or leaving untreated including medical consequences and social consequences.
Term
benefits
Definition
subjective perception that advised action will reduce risk or seriousness of negative outcomes
Term
barriers
Definition
subjective perception of potential negative aspects of health behaviors that may act as an impediment to doing behavior
Term
self efficacy
Definition
conviction that one can successfully execute the behavior required to produce the outcome
Term
social cognitive theory
Definition
adds domains and constraings to personal, behavioral and environmental factors. contends the triadic reciprocal determinism
Term
triadic reciprocal determinism
Definition
there is a constant dynamic interaction between the person, behavior and environment
Term
what are the purposes of community level theories?
Definition
community level theories strive to mobilize resources, help groups identify problems and goals, and to develop and implement strategies.
Term
process evaluation
Definition
a way of evaluating interventions that uses measurement obtained during the implementation of the program activities and evaluates their contribution to the program's performance
Term
impact evaluation
Definition
an evaluation of interventions that analyzes the immediate observable effects of a program, leading to intended outcomes
Term
outcome evaluation
Definition
evaluating an intervention based on the completion of the ultimate goal, program, or treatment
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