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| the parts of DNA and proteins that make up a eukaryotic chromosome. when the cell is not dividing, chromatin exists in its dispersed form, as a mass of very long, thin fibers |
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| a small protein with a high proportion of positevly charged amino acids that binds tothe negatively charged DNA and plays a key role in chromatin structure |
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| chromosomes with the same length, centromere position, and staining pattern that possess genes for the same characters at corresponding loci. aka: homologs |
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copies of duplicated chromosome attached to each other by proteins at the centromere. when joined, make up one chromosome
-separate during mitosis & meiosis II |
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| a chromosome that is not directly involved in determining sex; not a sex chromosome |
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| chromosome responsible for determining sex of an idividual |
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one chromosome of each homologous pair
-gametes are haploid |
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both homologous chromosomes present, one set inherited from each parent
-fertilization
-zygote |
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| a display of the chromosome pairs of a cell arranged by size and shape |
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| a grouping of microtubles and associated proteins that is involved in the movements of chromosomes during mitosis |
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| a structure of proteins attached to the centromere that links each sister chromatid to the mitotic spindle |
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| the specialized region of the chromosome where two sister chromatids are most closely attached |
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the period in the cell cycle when the cell is not dividing.
-during interphase, cellular metabolic activity is high, chromosomes are duplicated |
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| a nondividing state occupied by cells that have left the cell cycle |
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| the first gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase before DNA synthesis begins |
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| the second gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase after DNA synthesis occurs |
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the synthesis phase of the cell cycle;
-DNA is replicated |
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nuclear membrane dissapears
-kinetochores have appeared |
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| the division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells immediately after mitosis, meiosis I, or meiosis II |
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| the division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells immediately after mitosis, meiosis I, or meiosis II |
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growth factors
-when stopped: 0 |
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maturation promoting factor
-when stopped: 2x DNA |
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spindle checkpoint
metaphase -> anaphase |
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| a cellular protein that occurs in a cyclically flutuating concentration and that regulates the cell cycle |
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cylcin-dependent protein kinases
-active when bound to a cycle
(MPF) |
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mitosis promoting factor
-complex of mitotic cyclin & mitotic Cdk |
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anaphase-promoting factor
-does NOT involve a cyclin
-is NOT a kinase |
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failure of cell-cycle control
-cancer cells divide with out control
-they have lost the dependence on growth factors
-due to mutated regulatory disease |
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a haploid reproductive cell
-egg or sperm
-gametes unite during sexual reproduction to produce a diploid zygote |
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Definition
A. only 1 replication of chromosomes (1st phase) followed by 2 nuclear & cell divisions
B. during 1st division:
-sister chromatids DON'T separate
-homologous chromosomes DO separate
(opp. of mitosis)
C. synapsis, crosing over, DNA recombination in prophase 1
D. generates diversity |
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