Term
The scapular noth is bridged by the superior transverse scaplar ligmanet and is converted into a foramen which permits passage of what? |
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Definition
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Term
Supreglenoid and infraglenoid tuercles provide the origins for what? |
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Definition
The long heads of the biceps brachii and triceps brachii muscles respectively. |
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Term
What does the lesser tubercle provide an insertion for? |
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Definition
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Term
What does the intertubercular (bicipital) groove provide insertions for? |
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Definition
Pec major (lateral lip), teres major (medial lip) and latissimus dorsi (floor) |
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Term
What is the surgical neck of the humerus in contact with? |
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Definition
Axillary nerve and posterior humeral circumflex artery |
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Term
What runs through spiral groove? |
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Definition
Radial nerve, origin of lateral head of triceps above and medial head below |
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Term
What artery and nerve may be damaged in the event that the shaft of the humerus is injured? |
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Definition
Radial nerve and deep brachial artery |
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Term
Where do the extensor muscles of the forearm and the supinator muscle take origin? |
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Definition
Lateral epicondyle of the humerus |
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Term
Where to the flexor muscles of the forearm and pronator teres originate? |
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Definition
Medial epicondyle of the humerus |
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Term
What nerve might be damaged during fracture of the medial epicondyle? |
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Definition
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Term
What nerve may be injured in supracondylar fractures? |
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Definition
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Term
What is Colle's fracture? |
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Definition
A fracture of the distal end of the radius characterized by displacement of the hand dorsally and radially. |
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Term
What does the capitulum of the humerus articulate with? |
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Definition
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Term
What is a clinical concern associated with a fracture of the scaphoid? |
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Definition
Fracture of the scapoid occurs often during fall onto the outstretched hand and may lead to damage to the radial artery and avascular necrosis of the bone. |
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Term
What is Boxer's fracture? |
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Definition
It is a fracture typicall seen in the necks of the second and third metacarpals in experienced boxers and in the 5th metacarpal in unskilled boxers. |
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Term
What is the nerve and aterial supply of the elbow joint? |
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Definition
Receives innervation from the musculocutanious, median, radial and ulnar nerves. Receives its blood supply from the anastamosis between the brachial artery and recurrent branches of the radial and ulnar arteries. |
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Term
Describe the lymphatic drainage of the upper limb. |
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Definition
There are dorsal and palmar plexuses Medial group of lymphatic vessels accompany the basilic vein and drain into the lateral axillary lymph nodes which go into the central axillary and then the apical lymph nodes Lateral group of lymphatic follow the cephalic vein and drain into the lateral axillary nodes into the dltopectoral node which then drains into the apical nodes. |
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Term
What does the axillary sheath enclose? |
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Definition
The axillary vessels and the brachial plexus |
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Term
What is the blood supploy of the mammaxry gland? |
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Definition
Medial mammary branches of the anterior perforating branches of the internal thoracic artery, the lateral mamary branches of the lateral thoracic artery, the pectoral branches of the thracoacromialtrunk, the lateral cutaneous branhces of the posterior intercostal arteries. |
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Term
What is the nerve supply of the mamary gland? |
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Definition
Anterior and lateral cutaneous branches of the 2nd to 6th intercostal nerves |
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Term
What is the lymphatic drainage of the mammary gland? |
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Definition
Drain primarily into the pectoral (anterior) nodes which then go into the parasternal (internal thoracic) nodes which lie along the internal thoracic artery. Some also drains into the apical nodes and may connect to lymphatics draining thje oppoosite breast and to lymphatics draining the anterior abdominal wall. |
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Term
What is the nerve supply and action of the pec major? |
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Definition
NS: Lateral and medial pectoral nerves Action: Fexles, adducts and medially rotates arms |
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Term
What is the nerve supply of the pec minor? |
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Definition
NS: Medial (and lateral) pectoral nerves Action: Depresses scapula, elevates ribs |
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Term
What is the nerve supply and action of the subclavius? |
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Definition
NS: Nerve to subclavius Action: Depresses lateral part of the clavicle |
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Term
What is the nerve supply and action of the serratus anterior? |
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Definition
NS: Long thoracic (nerve to serratus anterior) Action: Rotates scapula upward, abudcuts scapula with arm and elvates it above the horizontal and also protracts scapula (paralysis leads to winging of the scapula). |
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Term
What are the boundaries of the quadrangular space and what are its contents? |
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Definition
Bounded superiorly by the teres minor and subscapularis muscles, inferiorly by the teres major, medially by the lon head of the triceps and laterally by the surgical neck of the humerus. It transmits the axillary nerve the posterior circumflex humeral artery. |
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Term
What are the boundaries and contents of the upper triangular space? |
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Definition
Superiorly: teres minor Inferiorly: teres major Laterally: long head of triceps Contents: Circumflex scapular artery and vein |
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Term
What are the boundaries and contents of the lower triangular space?
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Definition
Superiorly: tres major Medially: long head of triceps Laterally: medial head of triceps Contains: radial nerve and deep brachial artery |
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Term
What is the nerve supply of the and action of the deltoid muscle? |
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Definition
NS: axillary Action: Adducts, abucts arm, flexes, extends and rotates arm medially laterally |
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Term
What is the nerve supply and action of the supraspinatus? |
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Definition
NS: suprascapular N Action: Abducts arm |
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Term
What is the nerve supply and action of the infraspinatus?
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Definition
NS: Suprascapular N Action: Rotates arm laterally |
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Term
What is the nerve supply and action of the subscapularis? |
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Definition
Upper and lower subscapular N Adducts and rotates arm medially |
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Term
What is the nerve supply and action of the teres major? |
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Definition
Lower subscapular nerve Adducts and rotates arm medially |
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Term
What is the action and nerve of the supply of the teres minor? |
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Definition
Axillary nerve Rotates arm laterally |
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Term
What is the nerve supply and action of the latissimus dorsi? |
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Definition
Thracodorsal N Adducts, extends and rotates arm medially |
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Term
What is the nerve supply and action of triceps? |
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Definition
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Term
What is Dupuyutren's Contracture? |
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Definition
Thickening, shortening and fibrosis of the palmar fascia especially the palmar aponeurosis. Leads to inability to fully extend fingers. |
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Term
What is Volkmann's contracture? |
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Definition
An ischemic muscular contracture (flexion deformity) of fingers and sometimes the wrist resulting from ischemic necrosis of the forearm flexor muscles resulting form pressure injury or a tight cast. The muscles are replaced by fibrous tissue. |
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Term
What is the Carpal tunnel? |
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Definition
It is formed anteriorly by the flexor retinaculum and posteriorly by the carpal bones. It transmits the median nerve and the tenons of the flexor pollicis longus, flexor digitorum profundus and flexor digitorum superficialis muscles. |
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Term
What is Carpal tunnel syndrome? |
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Definition
It is caused by compression of the median nerve due to the reduced size of the osseofibrous carpal tunnel, resulting from inflammation of the flexor retinaculum, arthritic changes in the carpal bones, or inflammation or thickening of the synovial sheaths of the flexor tendons. |
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Term
What are the upper roots of the Brachial plexus? |
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Definition
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Term
What are the middle roots of the Brachial plexus?
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Definition
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Term
What are the lower roots of the Brachial plexus? |
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Definition
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Term
Where do the trunks of Brachial plexus lie? |
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Definition
Posterior triangle of neck |
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Term
What forms the lateral cord of the Brachial plexus? |
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Definition
The anterior divisions of the upper and middle trunks (C5-C7) join to form the lateral cord |
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Term
What forms the medial cord of the Brachial plexus? |
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Definition
It is a continuation of the lower trunk (C8-T1) |
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Term
What forms the posterior cord of the Brachial plexus? |
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Definition
It is formed by the merger of the posterior divisions of all the trunks of the Brachial plexus (C5-T1) |
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Term
What branches does the upper trunk of the Brachial plexus give? |
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Definition
Suprascapular N (C5, C6) Nerve to subclavius (C5) |
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Term
What are the branches from the lateral chord of the Brachial plexus? |
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Definition
Lateral pectoral nerve (C5-C7) Lateral root of median nerve (C5-T1) Musculocutaneous nerve (C5-C7) (Lady Loves Me) |
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Term
What are the branches from the middle chord of the Brachial plexus? |
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Definition
Medial pectoral nerve (C8-T1) Medial root of the median nerve (C5-T1) Medial cutaneous nerve of forearm (C8-T1) Ulnar nerve (C7-T1) Medial cutaneous nerve of forearm (C8-T1) (Most Medical Men Use Marijuana) |
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Term
What are the branches of the posterior cord of the Brachial plexus? |
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Definition
Upper subscapular (C5-C6) Lower subscapular (C5-C6) Nerve to latissimus dorsi (thoracodorsal N) (C7-C8) Axillary (C5-C6) Radial nerve (C5-T1) |
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Term
Which nerve is responsible for wrist drop? |
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Definition
Radial nerve Dr. Cuma = Drop wrist - radial, Claw hand- ulnar, median nerve – ape hand |
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Term
Fracture of the surgical neck of the humerus or inferior dislocation of humerus can result in what? |
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Definition
It can result in damage to the axillary nerve. It results in weakness of lateral rotation and abudcution of the arm (the supraspinatus can abduct the arm but not to a horizontal level) |
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Term
What does the musculocutaneous nerve supply? |
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Definition
Biceps brachii, brahcialis, coracobrachialis. It continues as the lateral cutaneous nerve of the forearm |
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Term
What does the median nerve supply? |
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Definition
Pronator teres, flexor digitorum superficialis, palmaris longus, flexor carpi radialis, abductor pollicis brevis, opponens pollicis, flexor pollicis, 1st and 2nd lumbricals It also does the lateral 3 and a half digits on the palmar surface of the hand in addition to the tips of those fingers on the dorsum of the hand |
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Term
What is anterior interosseous nerve a branch of and what does it supply? |
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Definition
It is a branch of the median nerve and it supplies the flexor digitorum profundus, flexor pollicis longus muscle and the pronator quadratus |
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Term
What does the ulnar nerve supply? |
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Definition
It supplies the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle, flexor digitorum profundus and the palmaris brevis muscle. It gives a deep branch that supplies the hypothenar muscles (abdudctor short flexor and opponens) as well as the adductor pollicis muscle and the deep head of the flexor pollicis brevis muscle. It provides cutaneous sensation for the medial 1 and a half fingers as well as most of the palm and the dorsum on the corresponding side of the hand. |
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Term
What does the axillary nerve supply? |
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Definition
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Term
What does the radial nerve supply? |
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Definition
All 3 heads of triceps Brachialis (proprioceptive fibers) Aconues Brachioradialis Extensor carpi radialis longus Extensor carpi radialis brevis Supinator Posterior interosseous branch innervates: Extensor digitorum muscle Extensor digiti mimimi Extensor carpi ulnaris |
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Term
What is Erb-Duchenne palsy? |
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Definition
An injury to the upper trunk of the brachial plexus. It is caused by a birth injury during a breech delivery or a violent displacement of the head from the shoulder such as might result from a fall from a motorcycle or horse. It results in a loss of abduction, flexion and lateral rotation of the arm, producing a waiter’s tip hand, in which the arm tends to lie in medial rotation resulting from paralysis of lateral rotator muscles. |
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Term
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Definition
It is a lower trunk injury. It may be caused during a difficult breech delivery, by a cervical rib or by a abnormal insertion or spasm of the anterior and middle scalene muscles. The injury causes claw hand. |
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Term
What passes over the superior transverse scapular ligament? |
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Definition
The suprascapular artery. The nerve passes below (remember: the Army goes over the bridge and the Navy goes under) |
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Term
What are the parts of the axillary artery and what branches do they give? |
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Definition
1st part – Superior and medial to pec minor, gives the superior thoracic artery 2nd part – Behind the pec minor, gives the thoracoacromial and lateral thoracic arteries 3rd part – Lateral to and behind the pec minor, gives the subscapular, anterior and posterior circumflex humeral arteries Remember: SALSAP |
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Term
What are the branches of the subclavian artery? |
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Definition
Vertebral artery Internal thoracic artery Thyrocervical trunk Costocervical trunk Dorsal scapular artery (occasionally) Rembember: VIT C & D |
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Term
What are the branches of the thyrocervical trunk? |
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Definition
Suprascapular artery Inferior thyroid artery Transverse cervical artery (Remember: SIT) |
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Term
What is the radial collateral artery a branch of and what does it anastamose with? |
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Definition
It is a branch of the deep brachial artery and it anastamoses with the radial recurrent artery. |
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Term
What are the branches of the common interosseous artery and what is it a branch of? |
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Definition
It is a branch of the ulnar artery and it gives the recurrent interosseous artery as well as the anterior and posterior interosseous arteries. |
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Term
How do the limbs begin to develop? |
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Definition
Limb development begins with the activation of mesenchymal cells in the lateral plate somatic mesoderm |
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Term
What does the appendicular skeleton develop from? |
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Definition
Develops from mesenchyme derived from the somatic mesoderm in the limb buds. |
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Term
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Definition
They consist of a mesenchymal core covered with ectoderm and capped by an apical ectodermal ridge that induces limb growth and development. They arise in the somatic mesoderm at week 4. The upper limb buds arise first and then the lower limb buds soon follow. |
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Term
Describe the rotation of the upper and lower limb buds. |
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Definition
Upper limb buds rotate laterally through 90 degrees, whereas the lower limb buds rotate medially through almost 90 degrees. |
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Term
When does the upper limb begin to subdivide into the precursors of the arm, forearm and the hand? When do the digits begin to form? |
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Definition
The upper limb buds become elongated by week 5 and soon after they are subdivided into the precursors of the arm, forearm and the hand. The hand and foot are subdivided into digits by week 6 and individual fingers and toes are visible by week 8. |
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Term
What are the bones of the limbs derived from? |
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Definition
Lateral plate somatic mesoderm. |
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