Term
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Definition
superior angle of scapula moves superiorly; shrug shoulders
m= trapezius and levator scapulae |
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Term
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Definition
When shoulders are moved inferiorly;
m= trapezious and pec minor |
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Term
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Definition
scapula slides anteriorly against the body wall when you reach forward
m= serratus anterior and pec minor |
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Term
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Definition
When the medial borders of the scapula are brought together... ie stand at attention and thrust chest forward;
m= rhomboids and middle fibers of trapezius |
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Term
| Upward Rotation of Scapula |
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Definition
Motion that brings the surface of the glenoid cavity more superiorly allowing for full ABduction of the arm;
m= trapezius and Serratus Anterior |
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Term
| What happens if Trapezius or Serratus Anterior Muscles are injured? |
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Definition
| Difficulty ABducting the arm above the level of the shoulder; NOTE*Trapezius and Levator scapulae DO NOT actually abduct the arm. They rotate the scapula so that other muscles can abduct the arm. |
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Term
| Downward Rotation of Scapula |
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Definition
| m= pec. major, levator scapulae, and Rhomboids |
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Term
| What type of joint is the Glenohumeral joint? How does this affect its level of stability? |
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Definition
| It is a ball and socket synovial joint with a wide range of motion; this makes it less stable |
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Term
| Since the Glenoid fossa is much smaller than the head of the humerus how is the humerus held in place? |
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Definition
| There is a loose joint capsule, but the humerus is primarily held in place by tonic contraction of the rotator cuff muscles; Their tendons come together around the head of the humerus and hold it in place |
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Term
| What muscles make up the rotator cuff? and what is each attachment point on the humerus? |
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Definition
Supraspinatus-greater tubercle
Infraspinatus- greater tubercle
teres minor- greater tubercle
subscapularis- lesser tubercle |
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Term
| What is the weakest point of the glenohumeral joint? Why? |
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Definition
| The glenohumeral joint is weakest inferiorly because of the loose joint capsule, lack of rotator cuff muscles and lack of reinforcing ligaments; long head of triceps gives some support, but not much. |
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Term
| What is the most common shoulder dislocation? |
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Definition
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Term
| Glenohumeral joint protected superiorly by? |
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Definition
| supraspinatus muscle, coracoacromial ligament, and long head of biceps |
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Term
| Glenohumeral joint protected anteriorly by? |
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Definition
| Rotator cuff muscles and glenohumeral ligaments |
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Term
| Glenohumeral joint protected posteriorly by? |
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Definition
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Term
| Motions of Glenohumeral Joint |
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Definition
| Flexion, extension, medial (internal) rotation, Lateral (external) rotation, ADduction, ABduction |
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Term
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Definition
moving the arm anteriorly in a sagital plane;
m= ant. deltoid, pec. major, biceps brachii, and coracobrachialis |
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Term
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Definition
returning the arm from flexion or continuing posteriorly in a sagital plane;
m= post. deltoid, lat. dorsi, teres major, long head of triceps |
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Term
| What muscles comprise the post. axillary fold? |
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Definition
| lat. dorsi and teres major; they perform the same functions at the shoulder joint |
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Term
| Medial rotation of shoulder |
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Definition
internal rotation; front of humerus moving toward the body;
m= subscapularis, lat dorsi, teres major, pec pajor....and minorly assisted by ant. deltoid |
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Term
| lateral rotation of shoulder |
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Definition
external rotation; moving humerus away from body;
m= infraspinatus, teres minor, and post. deltoid |
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Term
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Definition
returning from ABduction or moving arm across body in frontal plane;
m= pec major, lat dorsi, and teres major |
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Term
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Definition
moving away from the body in a frontal place;
m= middle head of deltoid and supraspinatus; supraspinatus initiates abduction and participates in movement from 0-90 deg.
*don't forget importance of upward rotation of scapula by trapezius and seratus ant. |
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Term
| Compartments of upper limb |
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Definition
Arm (2 compartments)- Ant. & Posterior;
contain muscles that perform a common functions, are innervated by the same nerve (mostly), and share a common blood supply |
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Term
| Anterior compartment of upper arm |
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Definition
Contains flexors;Inervated by Musculocutaneous
brachialis-sits directly on humerus, only crosses elbow joint-does not contribute to shoulder joint;
Biceps brachi- transverses whole length of arm, but does not attach to humerus; acts on both shoulder and elbow joints;
Coracobrachialis- visibleon a cross section cut more superiorly, only crosses shoulder joint so does not effect the elbow joint;
Functions:
biceps brachi and brachialis- flexion at the elbow or forearm
coracobrachialis and biceps brachi- also flex arm which is the same thing as flexion at the shoulder |
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Term
| Musculocutaneous nerve becomes the lateral cutaneous nerve of the forearm. What is its function? |
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Definition
| To provide sensation to the lateral forearm |
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Term
| Posterior Compartment of Upper Arm |
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Definition
Extensors; innervated by radial nerve; perform extension of the elbow
Lateral head of the triceps
Medial head of the triceps
Long head of the triceps- (superficial to the medial head)- crosses the should joint so it can extend the shoulder joint* |
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Term
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Definition
| the fatty tissue between the skin and the brachial fascia (deep fascia) |
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Term
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Definition
| The deep fascia of the arm |
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Term
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Definition
| Thickenings of the the deep fascia that extend from the brachial fascia inwards toward the humerus; divide the arm into compartments |
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Term
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Definition
| In superficial fascia; Ant. and Lateral in cross section |
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Term
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Definition
| In superficial fascia; Located medially in cross section |
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Term
| Median Intermuscular septum is composed of... |
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Definition
brachial artery- lg. artery easily visible in cross section;
median nerve- anterior to the brachial artery;
Ulnar nerve- posterior to the brachial artery |
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Term
| Radial nerve and Deep brachial artery |
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Definition
| run together along the posterior aspect of the humerus just anterior to the medial and lateral heads of the triceps; the radial nerve runs in a shallow groove on the humerus inferior to the deltoid tuberosity called the radial groove |
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Term
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Definition
| innervates the flexor muscles of the anterior compartment; located between the biceps bracii and the brachialis muscles |
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Term
| Compartments of the forearm |
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Definition
| 2 compartments; ant. (flexor)compartment and post. (extensor) compartment; compartments are formed by the medial and lateral intermuscular septa, the interosseus membrane, radius and ulna. |
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Term
| T or F- Most of the muscles in the forearm act on a single joint? |
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Definition
| F- Most muscles in the forearm act on MULTIPLE joints |
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Term
| Muscles that act on the wrist joint and/or finger joints all are named |
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Definition
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Term
| Some of the muscles of the forearm act on the proximal and distal radialulnar joints to produce which actions |
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Definition
| Pronation and supination; the ulna remains stationary and the radius rolls over the top of it |
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Term
| Ant compartment of the forearm |
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Definition
| Flexor compartment; huge muscles with proximal attachment on medial epicondyle "MF- Medial Flexors" |
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Term
| Muscles of the Anterior compartment of the forearm |
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Definition
Flexor digitorum profundus- lg muscle, sitting right on the ulna
Flexor policis longus- smaller than flexor digitorum profundus and sitting on radius
flexor carpi ulnaris- ant to flexor digitorum profundus
flexor digitorum superficialis- superficial to FDP
Flexor Carpi Radialis
Palmaris Longus
Function- mostly flextion, but pronator quadratus and pronator teres are also found in this compartment and serve to pronate the forearm |
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Term
| Nerves and vessels of the ant compartment of the forearm |
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Definition
Ulnar artery and nerve- run together in between flexor carpi ulnaris and flexor digitorum profundus; innervates 1 1/2 muscles in the ant compartment- the flexor carpi ulnaris and the medial half of FDP
Median Nerve- in between flexor digitorum superficialis and flexor digitorum profundus; innervates most of the muscles of the ant compartment; |
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Term
| Post. Compartment of the forearm |
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Definition
extensor compartment; much smaller than the anterior compartment-
superficial extensors and supinator attach to the lateral epicondyle; deep layer of extensors do not attach to lateral epicondyle |
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Term
| Muscles of the Post. Compartment of the forearm |
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Definition
Superficial= brachioradialis, extensor carpi radialis longus, extensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor digitorum, extensor digiti minimi, and extensor carpi ulnaris
deep layer- abductor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis, extensor pollicis longus, and extensor indicis
Functions= extension, supination, and ABduction of the thumb
*Exception- brachioradialis forms the boundary between flexors and extensors functions in flexion at the elbow***
Innervation= Radial Nerve |
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Term
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Definition
| more triangular shape, more superficial with fewer muscles padding it |
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Term
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Definition
| tear drop/rounded shape, deeper than the ulna; more muscles padding it |
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Term
| Both radius and ulna have a sharp border facing each other this is where what attaches...? |
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Definition
| interosseus membrane attaches; forms part of the division between the anterior and posterior compartments |
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Term
| Some functions are controlled by more than one nerve... why? |
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Definition
| Because there may be more than one muscle that performs the function and possibly more than one nerve; important because if you damage one of the nerves, you still have another muscle that is innervated by another nerve that can perform the same function so the movement will be weakend but not lost. |
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Term
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Definition
| m= biceps brachi and brachialis- innervated by musculocutaneous nerve; also brachioradialis innervated by the radial nerve |
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Term
| Supination of the forearm |
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Definition
| m= biceps brachi-innervated by musculcutaneous; and supinator innervated by radial nerve |
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Term
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Definition
| opponens pollicis, ABductor pollicis brevis and flexor pollicis brevis- innervated by recurrent median nerve |
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Term
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Definition
| opponens digiti minimi, flexor digiti minimi, and ABductor digiti minimi innervated by the ulnar nerve |
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Term
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Definition
| 2nd and 3rd lumbricals innnervated by median nerve; 4th and 5th lumbricals innervated by ulnar nerve |
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Term
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Definition
| very deep located between the metacarpal bones; innervated by the ulnar nerve; DAB- Dorsal interossei ABduct |
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Term
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Definition
| very deep located between the metacarpal bones innervated by the ulnar nerve; PAD-palmar interossei ADduct |
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Term
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Definition
| between thumb and index finger on palmar side innervated by ulnar nerve |
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Term
| What are the major nerves ot the brachial plexus vulnerable to injury and what are the consequences? |
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Definition
| The brachial plexus is like a very complicated highway with many interchanges and cars going everywhere. The nerves start out as ventral rami (c5-t1) and end up as peripheral nerves with different combinations of ventral rami that contribute to them |
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Term
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Definition
off of posterior cord; most vulnerable at the surgical neck of the humerus (a point of weakness in the humerus that is suceptible to fractures) & the quadrangular space- the axillary nerve can be compressed here.
damage= loss of ability to fully ABduct (because it innervates deltoid)
test by checking for sensation over lateral deltoid |
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Term
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Definition
| off of posterior cord; most vulnerable in radial groove at the humeral midshaft; damage due to a fracture of the humeral midshaft or pass out with arm hanging over the back of a chair leads to compression of the nerve--->causes wrist drop, inability to extend wrist; test motor function by having pt extend index finger under resistance because the extensor indicis is the most distal muscle innervated by radial nerve; test sensory function on skin of 1st dorsal web space which is innervated soley by the superficial radial nerve |
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Term
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Definition
| radial nerve splits into superficial and deep branches just anterior to the lateral epicondyle of the humerus; ther superficial branch is cutaneous. the deep branch innervates muscles; can be damaged by fracture of the radius; is a purely sensory nerve; test for damage by checking sensory function in 1st dorsal webspace; no muscles would be affected |
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Term
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Definition
| off of lateral cord; nerve to anterior compartment of the arm; not particularly vulnerable to injury |
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Term
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Definition
| off of medial cord; most vulnerable where is passes posterior to the medial epicondyle of the humerus in the ulnar groove; can be damaged in a fracture of the medial epicondyle; test motor function of the ulnar nerve by testing strength of finger abduction (DAB) or ADduct thumb because it innervates adductor pollicis |
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Term
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Definition
| from both lateral and medial cords; most vulnerable in the carpal tunnel; test motor function of median by opposition of the thumb; test sensory function of median nerve on the tuft of the 2nd finger |
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Term
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Definition
| a tight space at the wrist bounded by the carpal bones posteriorly and the flexor retinaculum anteriorly; contains 9 tendons and the median nerve (FDS, FDP, and flexor pollicis longus) |
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Term
| Testing sensory function of peripheral nerves |
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Definition
radial = 1st dorsal webspace
median= tuft of 2nd finger
ulnar= tuft of pinky finger |
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Term
| testing integrity of ventral rami |
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Definition
c6= tuft of thumb
c7= tuft of 3rd (middle)finger
c8- tuft of pinky finger |
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Term
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Definition
a joint is innervated pain and proprioception SANs by the same nerves as the muscles that cross the joint (i.e. wrist joint- you need to know what muscles cross the wrist joint and what nerves innervate them
-there are flexors in the ant comparment, the median nerve innervates most of them and the ulnar nerve innervates 1.5
-there are the extensors in the posterior compartment, innervated by the radial nerve |
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Term
| the more proximal the damage the---- the loss of function |
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Definition
| greater; fuctional deficits are downstream from the damage |
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Term
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Definition
| abduction of arm above 90 degrees |
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Term
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Definition
| if damage is mor proximal ---> loss of extension of elbow wrist and fingers; if damage is more distal (midshaft humerus)--->then triceps will not be affected= loss of only extension of wrist and fingers; if damage is even more distal might only damage superficial radial nerve thus only sensory function would be lost |
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Term
| musculcutaneous nerve damage |
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Definition
| flexion of the elbow because it innervates the anterior compartment of the arm |
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Term
| what elbow flexor is not innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve? |
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Definition
| brachioradialis; innervated by radial n. |
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Term
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Definition
| flexion of wrist, fingers, and flexion & opposition of the thumb; innervates flexor pollicis longus and brevis and opponens pollicis |
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Term
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Definition
| flextion of wrist and fingers would be weak; also innervates 13 of 18 intrinsic hand muscles which would lead to loss of grip strength |
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Term
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Definition
| accompanied by arteries; capable of draining all blood from upper limb, although there are occasions when the superficial veins come in handy |
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Term
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Definition
subclavian- anterior to the anterior scalene muscle, not affected in thoracic outlet syndrome because it is not compressed between the anterior scalene muscle and the first rib, receives blood from the axillary vein;
axillary vein- begins at the inf. border of teres major where it receives blood from brachial veins and the basilic vein, ends in lateral border of first rib where it becomes the subclavian vein;
venae comitantes of the brachial, radial, and ulnar veins are paired deep veins that accoumpany arteries of the same name |
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Term
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Definition
not accompanied by arteries; located in superficial fascia; help function in thermal regulation;
dorsal venous plexus- on back of hand, drains into cephalic and basilic
cephalic- runs along lateral forearm then anterolateral arm crossing superficial to the biceps brachi, drains into axillary vein within the deltopectoral triangle
basilic runs along medial forearm and arm, crosses at the elbow, becomes deep halfway up arm, becomes axillary vein at inferior border of teres major muscle, when it becomes the axillary vein it receives blood from the brachial veins
median cubital- anterior to the elbow joint in the cubital fossa, connects the cephalic and basilic veins, site of venipuncture |
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Term
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Definition
| becomes axiallary artery then brachial artery which then bifurcates in the cubital fossa to form the ulnar and radial arteries |
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Term
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Definition
| continues into the hand and becomes the superficial palmar arch, runs with the ulnar nerve between flexor carpi ulnaris and flexor digitorum profundus |
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