Term
| The _______ are the major excretory organs of the body. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Besides the urinary system, 3 other organ systems rid the body of wastes. They are: _________, __________, _________. |
|
Definition
| 1)Digestive, 2)Integumentary, 3)Respiratory |
|
|
Term
| Two important nitrogenous wastes in urine are _____ and __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Urea is a by-product of ________ breakdown. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Uric acid is a by-product __________ breakdown. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The kidneys also function in acid-base balance. If the PH of urine is acidic, it is ____________ than PH 7. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Acidic urine means the kidneys have excreted excess _______ ions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The kidneys function in maintaining the body's electrolyte balance. List at least 4 electrolytes you know are important in human physiology. |
|
Definition
| Sodium, Potassium, Chloride, Calcium |
|
|
Term
| Name the four organs of the urinary system. |
|
Definition
| Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra |
|
|
Term
| State the general function of each organ of the urinary system. |
|
Definition
kidney - produce urine
ureters - transport urine
urinary bladder - storage of urine
urethra - short tube in female, longer tube in male. Allows urine to pass from bladder to external body. |
|
|
Term
| The microscopic units of urine formation are _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nephrons are located in the _______ (organs). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The parietal peritoneum is the serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity. Where are the kidneys located in relation to this membrane? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 3 connective tissue coverings associated with each kidney. What covering adheres directly to the kidney surface? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| There are 3 connective tissue coverings associated with each kidney. Which covering is most superficial? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| There are 3 connective tissue coverings associated with each kidney. Which covering provides a cushioning protection? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is the right kidney usually lower than the left? |
|
Definition
| Because the liver occupies considerable space on the right side superior to the kidney. |
|
|
Term
| The __________ artery supplies each kidney with blood. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The renal artery branches directly off the _____________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ___________drains the blood from each kidney. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The renal vein drains the blood from each kidney. This vein drains blood into the ________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the urethra, circular muscles called _________ control the size of openings called ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which urinary sphincter does a child learn to control during toilet training? |
|
Definition
| external urethral sphincter |
|
|
Term
| internal urethral sphincters are classified in what nervous control and muscle tissue |
|
Definition
| Autonomic, and smooth muscle |
|
|
Term
| the external urethral sphincter is of what nervous control and muscle tissue system? |
|
Definition
| somatic nervous system and skeletal muscle |
|
|
Term
| Which urinary sphincter does a child learn to control during toilet training? |
|
Definition
| external urethral sphincter |
|
|
Term
| Are the female reproductive and urinary tracts separate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| From the most anterior to posterior, place these femal structures in order: |
|
Definition
1)external urethral orifice
2)vaginal orifice
3)anus |
|
|
Term
| Are the male urinary and reproductive tracts separate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In order of urine flow, list the 3 portions of the male urethra: |
|
Definition
1)membranous urethra
2)prostatic urethra
3)spongy (penile) urethra |
|
|
Term
| Kidney gross anatomy - internal cone shaped structures |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Kidney gross anatomy - external covering of the kidney |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Kidney gross anatomy - lighter superficial tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Kidney gross anatomy - darker, deeper tissue, divided into pyramids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Kidney gross anatomy - areas of cortex found between pyramids. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Kidney gross anatomy - apex of a pyramid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Kidney gross anatomy - fat filled space inside kidney. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Kidney gross anatomy - general areas of kidney occupied by nephrons. _____(superficial) ____________(deep) |
|
Definition
| renal cortex, renal medulla |
|
|
Term
Urine is constantly produced by the nephrons. Urine from several nephrons drains into collecting ducts located in the pyramids. Trace the pathway of urine from the collecting ducts to the toilet!
Can pam play monday morning putting us before u.s. |
|
Definition
| -collecting duct -papillary duct -renal papillae -minor calyces -major calyces -renal pelvis -ureters -urinary bladder -urethra |
|
|
Term
| The specific gravity of urine is the ratio of urine's density to the density of water. Explain why the specific gravity of wrine is always greater than 1. |
|
Definition
| Because it has colutes in it. It's not just water. |
|
|
Term
| In a dehydrated patient, is urine's specific gravity abnormally high or low? Explain |
|
Definition
| High, it will be solute rich because it's trying to conserve water. |
|
|
Term
| Name the 3 processes the nephron uses to produce urine. |
|
Definition
1) filtration
2) tubular reabsorption
3) tubular secretion |
|
|
Term
| Which nephron process adds substances to urine in addition to filtration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which nephron process prevents substances from leaving the blood on the basis of size? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which nephron process prevents filtered nutrients (ex. flucose) from appearing in urine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The glomerulus of each nephron is a network of __________ (with extra holes, extra leaky to force out things) capillaries. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The driving force for filtration is _____________. |
|
Definition
| blood pressue (low blood pressue can drive kidneys to shut down but won't kill you. The brain will give up first.) |
|
|
Term
| The diameter of the afferent arteriole (supplying the glomerulus) is ________than the diameter of efferent arteriole. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The size difference of the afferent and efferent arteriols supplying the glomerulus makes glomerular blood pressure ________than other capillaries in the body, which promotes filitration. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which blood vessels along the nephron receive the substances being reabsorbed? glomerulus, peritubular capillaries, efferent arteriole, vasa recta |
|
Definition
| peritubular capillaries, vasa recta. Good filtration needed to get bad stuff out and will need to put some good stuff lost back in. |
|
|
Term
| What type of nephron is associated with vasa recta? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the specialized function of the juxtamedullary nephron? |
|
Definition
| The are specialized for concentrating the urine, removing more water. |
|
|
Term
| Which hormone directly stimulates water reabsorption by the DCT and collecting ducts? |
|
Definition
| ADH (antidiuretic hormone) |
|
|
Term
| Will more or less ADH hormone be secreted when the body is dehydrated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Normal characteristics of urine: Volume |
|
Definition
| one to two liters per 24 hours, considerable variation in normal volume |
|
|
Term
| Normal characteristics of urine: Color |
|
Definition
| Yellow or amber color; urine color is darker in concentrated urine |
|
|
Term
| Normal characteristics of urine: Turbidity |
|
Definition
| Transparent in freshly voided urine; will turn clody after standing; microbes, pus, epithelial cells or crystals may cause cloudiness in fresh urine |
|
|
Term
| Normal characteristics of urine: Odor |
|
Definition
| aromatic when fresh; ammonia-like after standing because of breakdown of urea to ammonia by bacteria |
|
|
Term
| Normal characteristics of urine: PH |
|
Definition
| normal range is 4-6-8.0, with an average of 6.0; high protein diets produce an acidic urine; vegetarian diets produce an alkaline urine |
|
|
Term
| Normal characteristics of urine: specific gravity |
|
Definition
| normal range is 1.001-1.035; low specific gravity represents dilute urine, higher values represent a concentrated urine |
|
|
Term
| Selected abnormal constituents of urine: Glucose |
|
Definition
| Glucosuria (glucose in urine)is usually caused in diabetes mellitus, but sometimes may be caused by stress (epinephrine stimulates glycogen breakdown); diabetes mellitus and stress result in high blood glucose levels and therefore high levels of glucose in the filtrate; glucose transporters cannot work fast enough to reabsorb all glucose from filtrate. |
|
|
Term
| Selected abnormal constituents of urine: Red blood cells |
|
Definition
| Hematuria (erythrocytes in urine) may be caused by inflammation of urinary system organs irritation by kidney stones, kidney disease, trauma to urinary system organs, or polyps or tumors within the urinary system. |
|
|
Term
| Selected abnormal constituents of urine: white blood cells |
|
Definition
| pyuria (white blook cells in urine) is caused by an infection in the kidney, ureter, urinary bladder or urethra |
|
|
Term
| Selected abnormal constituents of urine: albumin |
|
Definition
| albuminuria (excess albumin in urine) is from an increase in filtration membrane permeability caused by high blood pressure, kidney trauma, disease, or inflammation; trace amouns of albumin in urine is normal. |
|
|
Term
| Selected abnormal constituents of urine: Ketone bodies |
|
Definition
| Ketonuria (ketone bodies in urine) is caused by a metobolic condition called ketosis; ketosis occurs when cells do not have enough glucose to completely break down fatty acids; ketosis can occur from starvation, low carbohydrate diets, or untreated diabetes mellitus. |
|
|
Term
| Selected abnormal constituents of urine: Casts |
|
Definition
| Casts are hardened clumps of material formed by protein precipition and/or cell agglutination within renal tubules; the following conditions may result in cast formation: albuminuria, abnormally acidic urine, and highly concentrated urine. |
|
|
Term
| Selected abnormal constituents of urine: Calcui |
|
Definition
| Calculi are insoluable salt crystals that can form anywhere within the kidney tubules, ureters, urinary bladder, or urethra; commonly called kidney stones, calculi can cause considerable pain as they pass through the lumens of urinary system organs. |
|
|
Term
| Selected abnormal constituents of urine: Microbes |
|
Definition
| Presence of bacteria or other microorganisms indicate the presence of a urinary tract infection (UTI); normal urine is sterile (no microorganisms present), however microbes present on the skin surrounding the external urethral orifice may contaminate the urine sample if the urine sample is not carefully obtained. |
|
|
