Term
The _______ are the major excretory organs of the body. |
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Definition
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Term
Besides the urinary system, 3 other organ systems rid the body of wastes. They are: _________, __________, _________. |
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Definition
1)Digestive, 2)Integumentary, 3)Respiratory |
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Term
Two important nitrogenous wastes in urine are _____ and __________. |
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Definition
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Term
Urea is a by-product of ________ breakdown. |
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Definition
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Term
Uric acid is a by-product __________ breakdown. |
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Definition
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Term
The kidneys also function in acid-base balance. If the PH of urine is acidic, it is ____________ than PH 7. |
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Definition
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Term
Acidic urine means the kidneys have excreted excess _______ ions. |
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Definition
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Term
The kidneys function in maintaining the body's electrolyte balance. List at least 4 electrolytes you know are important in human physiology. |
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Definition
Sodium, Potassium, Chloride, Calcium |
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Term
Name the four organs of the urinary system. |
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Definition
Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra |
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Term
State the general function of each organ of the urinary system. |
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Definition
kidney - produce urine ureters - transport urine urinary bladder - storage of urine urethra - short tube in female, longer tube in male. Allows urine to pass from bladder to external body. |
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Term
The microscopic units of urine formation are _______. |
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Definition
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Term
Nephrons are located in the _______ (organs). |
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Definition
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Term
The parietal peritoneum is the serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity. Where are the kidneys located in relation to this membrane? |
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Definition
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Term
What are 3 connective tissue coverings associated with each kidney. What covering adheres directly to the kidney surface? |
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Definition
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Term
There are 3 connective tissue coverings associated with each kidney. Which covering is most superficial? |
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Definition
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Term
There are 3 connective tissue coverings associated with each kidney. Which covering provides a cushioning protection? |
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Definition
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Term
Why is the right kidney usually lower than the left? |
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Definition
Because the liver occupies considerable space on the right side superior to the kidney. |
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Term
The __________ artery supplies each kidney with blood. |
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Definition
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Term
The renal artery branches directly off the _____________. |
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Definition
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Term
The ___________drains the blood from each kidney. |
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Definition
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Term
The renal vein drains the blood from each kidney. This vein drains blood into the ________ |
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Definition
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Term
In the urethra, circular muscles called _________ control the size of openings called ________. |
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Definition
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Term
Which urinary sphincter does a child learn to control during toilet training? |
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Definition
external urethral sphincter |
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Term
internal urethral sphincters are classified in what nervous control and muscle tissue |
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Definition
Autonomic, and smooth muscle |
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Term
the external urethral sphincter is of what nervous control and muscle tissue system? |
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Definition
somatic nervous system and skeletal muscle |
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Term
Which urinary sphincter does a child learn to control during toilet training? |
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Definition
external urethral sphincter |
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Term
Are the female reproductive and urinary tracts separate? |
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Definition
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Term
From the most anterior to posterior, place these femal structures in order: |
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Definition
1)external urethral orifice 2)vaginal orifice 3)anus |
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Term
Are the male urinary and reproductive tracts separate? |
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Definition
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Term
In order of urine flow, list the 3 portions of the male urethra: |
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Definition
1)membranous urethra 2)prostatic urethra 3)spongy (penile) urethra |
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Term
Kidney gross anatomy - internal cone shaped structures |
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Definition
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Term
Kidney gross anatomy - external covering of the kidney |
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Definition
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Term
Kidney gross anatomy - lighter superficial tissue |
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Definition
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Term
Kidney gross anatomy - darker, deeper tissue, divided into pyramids |
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Definition
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Term
Kidney gross anatomy - areas of cortex found between pyramids. |
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Definition
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Term
Kidney gross anatomy - apex of a pyramid |
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Definition
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Term
Kidney gross anatomy - fat filled space inside kidney. |
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Definition
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Term
Kidney gross anatomy - general areas of kidney occupied by nephrons. _____(superficial) ____________(deep) |
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Definition
renal cortex, renal medulla |
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Term
Urine is constantly produced by the nephrons. Urine from several nephrons drains into collecting ducts located in the pyramids. Trace the pathway of urine from the collecting ducts to the toilet!
Can pam play monday morning putting us before u.s. |
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Definition
-collecting duct -papillary duct -renal papillae -minor calyces -major calyces -renal pelvis -ureters -urinary bladder -urethra |
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Term
The specific gravity of urine is the ratio of urine's density to the density of water. Explain why the specific gravity of wrine is always greater than 1. |
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Definition
Because it has colutes in it. It's not just water. |
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Term
In a dehydrated patient, is urine's specific gravity abnormally high or low? Explain |
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Definition
High, it will be solute rich because it's trying to conserve water. |
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Term
Name the 3 processes the nephron uses to produce urine. |
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Definition
1) filtration 2) tubular reabsorption 3) tubular secretion |
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Term
Which nephron process adds substances to urine in addition to filtration? |
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Definition
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Term
Which nephron process prevents substances from leaving the blood on the basis of size? |
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Definition
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Term
Which nephron process prevents filtered nutrients (ex. flucose) from appearing in urine? |
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Definition
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Term
The glomerulus of each nephron is a network of __________ (with extra holes, extra leaky to force out things) capillaries. |
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Definition
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Term
The driving force for filtration is _____________. |
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Definition
blood pressue (low blood pressue can drive kidneys to shut down but won't kill you. The brain will give up first.) |
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Term
The diameter of the afferent arteriole (supplying the glomerulus) is ________than the diameter of efferent arteriole. |
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Definition
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Term
The size difference of the afferent and efferent arteriols supplying the glomerulus makes glomerular blood pressure ________than other capillaries in the body, which promotes filitration. |
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Definition
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Term
Which blood vessels along the nephron receive the substances being reabsorbed? glomerulus, peritubular capillaries, efferent arteriole, vasa recta |
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Definition
peritubular capillaries, vasa recta. Good filtration needed to get bad stuff out and will need to put some good stuff lost back in. |
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Term
What type of nephron is associated with vasa recta? |
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Definition
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Term
What is the specialized function of the juxtamedullary nephron? |
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Definition
The are specialized for concentrating the urine, removing more water. |
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Term
Which hormone directly stimulates water reabsorption by the DCT and collecting ducts? |
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Definition
ADH (antidiuretic hormone) |
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Term
Will more or less ADH hormone be secreted when the body is dehydrated? |
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Definition
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Term
Normal characteristics of urine: Volume |
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Definition
one to two liters per 24 hours, considerable variation in normal volume |
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Term
Normal characteristics of urine: Color |
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Definition
Yellow or amber color; urine color is darker in concentrated urine |
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Term
Normal characteristics of urine: Turbidity |
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Definition
Transparent in freshly voided urine; will turn clody after standing; microbes, pus, epithelial cells or crystals may cause cloudiness in fresh urine |
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Term
Normal characteristics of urine: Odor |
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Definition
aromatic when fresh; ammonia-like after standing because of breakdown of urea to ammonia by bacteria |
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Term
Normal characteristics of urine: PH |
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Definition
normal range is 4-6-8.0, with an average of 6.0; high protein diets produce an acidic urine; vegetarian diets produce an alkaline urine |
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Term
Normal characteristics of urine: specific gravity |
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Definition
normal range is 1.001-1.035; low specific gravity represents dilute urine, higher values represent a concentrated urine |
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Term
Selected abnormal constituents of urine: Glucose |
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Definition
Glucosuria (glucose in urine)is usually caused in diabetes mellitus, but sometimes may be caused by stress (epinephrine stimulates glycogen breakdown); diabetes mellitus and stress result in high blood glucose levels and therefore high levels of glucose in the filtrate; glucose transporters cannot work fast enough to reabsorb all glucose from filtrate. |
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Term
Selected abnormal constituents of urine: Red blood cells |
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Definition
Hematuria (erythrocytes in urine) may be caused by inflammation of urinary system organs irritation by kidney stones, kidney disease, trauma to urinary system organs, or polyps or tumors within the urinary system. |
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Term
Selected abnormal constituents of urine: white blood cells |
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Definition
pyuria (white blook cells in urine) is caused by an infection in the kidney, ureter, urinary bladder or urethra |
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Term
Selected abnormal constituents of urine: albumin |
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Definition
albuminuria (excess albumin in urine) is from an increase in filtration membrane permeability caused by high blood pressure, kidney trauma, disease, or inflammation; trace amouns of albumin in urine is normal. |
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Term
Selected abnormal constituents of urine: Ketone bodies |
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Definition
Ketonuria (ketone bodies in urine) is caused by a metobolic condition called ketosis; ketosis occurs when cells do not have enough glucose to completely break down fatty acids; ketosis can occur from starvation, low carbohydrate diets, or untreated diabetes mellitus. |
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Term
Selected abnormal constituents of urine: Casts |
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Definition
Casts are hardened clumps of material formed by protein precipition and/or cell agglutination within renal tubules; the following conditions may result in cast formation: albuminuria, abnormally acidic urine, and highly concentrated urine. |
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Term
Selected abnormal constituents of urine: Calcui |
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Definition
Calculi are insoluable salt crystals that can form anywhere within the kidney tubules, ureters, urinary bladder, or urethra; commonly called kidney stones, calculi can cause considerable pain as they pass through the lumens of urinary system organs. |
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Term
Selected abnormal constituents of urine: Microbes |
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Definition
Presence of bacteria or other microorganisms indicate the presence of a urinary tract infection (UTI); normal urine is sterile (no microorganisms present), however microbes present on the skin surrounding the external urethral orifice may contaminate the urine sample if the urine sample is not carefully obtained. |
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