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Urinary System
urinary tract, kidneys
57
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
02/01/2014

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Cards

Term
True or False

Kidneys are constantly making urine
Definition
True
Term
What is the function of the ureters?
Definition
Carry urine to bladder
Term
What is the function of the bladder?
Definition
collect, store & release urine
Term
A male's urethra has two functions while a female only has one. What is this second function?
Definition
semen transport
Term
This structure is a continuation of the neck of the bladder
Definition
Urethra
Term
What is the function of the kidneys?
Definition
filtration, re-absorption and secretion
Term
What is the significance of the positioning of the ureters as they enter the bladder?
Definition
prevents urine from backing up into the ureters
Term
The urethra will need to what structures for voiding urine?
Definition
Nothing! The urethra is the final organ/structure involved in the urinary process
Term
What are the 5 main functions of the urinary system?
Definition
-Regulate blood volume & pressure
-control ion levels in blood
-maintain blood pH
-manipulate composition of blood plasma
-waste product removal from the body
Term
What are the two major Nitrogen products the urinary system deals with?
Definition
Urea & Creatinine
Term
True or False

Kidneys are involved in the production of a hormone which stimulates bone barrow to increase production of RBCs
Definition
True
Term
Kidneys are involved in the activation of which vitamin
Definition
Vitamin D3
Term
What is the typical shape of a kidney?
Definition
bean-shaped
Term
What is the name & function of the fatty tissue surrounding the kidneys?
Definition
perirenal fat
-cushions & protects kidneys (mechanical insulation)
Term
What is the name for the outermost region of the kidney?
Definition
cortex
Term
Why does the cortex receive the most amount of blood flow to the kidneys?
Definition
This is where the majority of the nephrons are found
Term
What is the functional unit of the kidney?
Definition
nephron
Term
What is the name for the inner region (hilus) of the kidney?
Definition
medulla
Term
True or False

The hilus is located on the lateral side of the kidney
Definition
False

Located on the medial side of the kidney
Term
What are the 5 major structures that enter & leave the kidney?
Definition
-renal artery & vein
-nerve & lymphatic vessel
-ureter
Term
This structure is a funnel shaped area which acts as a urine collection chamber, and is the origin of the ureter
Definition
renal pelvis
Term
True or False

Cattle have lobular kidneys, which is typical of most farm animals
Definition
False

Most kidneys have a smooth surface, lobular kidneys are an exception to the norm
Term
True or False

The number of nephrons found within the kidneys is relatively consistent across all species
Definition
False
Term
What is the name of the double-walled, cup-shaped structure into which the renal capillary enters?
Definition
Bowman's capsule
Term
What is the glomerulus?
Definition
tangled not of capillaries via which the renal capillary enters the bowman's capsule
Term
What are the two components of the Malpighian (renal curpuscle)
Definition
Bowman's Capsule & Glomerulus
Term
What is the name of the outer layer of the Bowman's capsule?
Definition
parietal layer
Term
That is the inner layer of the Bowman's capsule called, and what does it adhere to?
Definition
visceral layer
-adheres to surface of glomerular capillaries
Term
What is the region of space between the two layers of Bowman's capsule?
Definition
capsular space
Term
After being filtered by the renal corpuscle, where do the filtered components of the blood go?
Definition
To the capsular space, then through the proximal convoluted tubule
Term
What is the function of the renal corpuscle?
Definition
filter blood in the 1st stage of urine production to produce glomerular filtrate
Term
What is the importance of the large surface area of the proximal convoluted tubule?
Definition
maximizes reabsorption and secretion fucntions
Term
What is the fluid produced in the renal corpuscle?
Definition
glomerular filtrate
Term
What is the fluid produced in the proximal convoluted tubule?
Definition
tubular filtate (primitive urine)
Term
What is the longest part of the tubular urinary system?
Definition
proximal convoluted tubule
Term
What is the structure that continues from the PCT and descends into the medulla?
Definition
Loop of Henle
Term
What is the structure that continues the Loop of Henle after it re-enters the cortex?
Definition
distal convoluted tubule
Term
What are collecting ducts?
Definition
carry tubular filtrate into medulla, to empty into renal pelvis
Term
If the body senses that it needs to retain water, what will happen in the collecting ducts?
Definition
anti-diuretic hormone will be secreted, which increases the reabsorption of water in the ducts
Term
What does afferent mean?
Definition
towards
Term
What vessels carry blood into the tuft of glomerular capillaries?
Definition
afferent glomerular arterioles
Term
What does efferent mean?
Definition
away from
Term
What happens to blood that doesn't get filtered in the glomerular capillaries?
Definition
enters the efferent glomerular arterioles, goes to peritubular capillaries, will reach renal vein and empty into posterior vena cava

(arteriole -> capillaries -> venule -> renal vein -> posterior vena cava)
Term
Why are the afferent glomerular arterioles, glomerular capillaries & effert glomerular arterioles unique?
Definition
There is oxygenated blood on both 'sides' of the capillaries (in other blood vessel systems this would not be the case)
Term
Where does blood filtration occur?
Definition
renal corpuscle
Term
What is unique about the pressure in the glomerular capillaries, and how does this affect blood plasma in the capillaries?
Definition
much higher blood pressure than in typical capillaries
-forces blood plasma into the capsular space
Term
Compare the size of the pores in the capillary endothelium to the pores in capillaries elsewhere in the body?
Definition
much larger, allows more fluid to pass though to be filtered
Term
Why is there no protein in glomerular filtrate?
Definition
Pore size doesn't allow protein molecules to pass through, this is important because you don't want to lose plasma proteins (essential for body function)
Term
If protein is detected in the glomerular protein, what has likely happened?
Definition
glomerular capillary endothelium is likely damaged
Term
Once glomerular filtrate enters the PCT, what is it called?
Definition
tubular filtrate
Term
How are compounds in the tubular filtrate that are needed by the body reabsorbed?
Definition
in the nephron, enter the blood in peritubular capillaries
Term
What proportion of reabsorption occurs in the PCT?
Definition
65%
Term
What is tubular secretion?
Definition
-removal of waste products and foreign compounds that aren't filtered from the blood in adequate quantities
Term
Where does tubular secretion primarily occur?
Definition
in the DCT
Term
Name the structures involved in the urinary system in the order the urine passes through them before being voided from the body.
Definition
renal capillary
bowman's capsule
capsular space
proximal convoluted tubule
loop of henle
distal convoluted tubule
collecting ducts
renal pelvis
ureter
urinary bladder
urethra
Term
[image]
Definition

1. ureter

2. renal pelvis

3. medulla

4. cortex

Term
[image]
Definition

1. renal capillary

2. Bowman's capsule

3. glomerulus

4. Renal/Malpigian corpuscle

5. Proximal convoluted tubule

6. Loop of Henle

7. Distal convoluted tubule

8. collecting ducts

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